The Learning Curve/The Learning Curve (Weird Science, 1996).iso/geography/cia/cia.guide

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@database Cia.guide
@Wordwrap
@font topaz.font 8
@Author A.Carhart
@node "main" "  CIA WORLD FACT BOOK 1994  "
                          @{" CIA WORLD FACT BOOK 1994 " 0}
                      @{"  ABBREVIATIONS                  " LINK "Abbreviations" 0}
                      @{"  DESCRIPTION OF TERMS           " LINK "terms" 0}
                      @{"  CHANGES IN THIS EDITION        " LINK "changes" 0}
                      @{"  APPENDIXES                     " LINK "appendixes" 0}
                      @{"  REFERENCE MAPS                 " LINK "maplist" 0}
                      @{"  COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD A to Z  " LINK "world" 0}
                      @{"  FLAGS OF THE WORLD A to Z      " LINK "Flags" 0}
                      @{"           Quit  Guide           " quit}
@endnode
@node "appendixes" " APPENDIXES "
                                @{" APPENDIXES " 0}
   @{" A: The United Nations System                                         " LINK "appendixeA" 0}
   @{" B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups          " LINK "appendixeB" 0}
   @{" C: International Organizations and Groups                            " LINK "appendixeC" 0}
   @{" D: Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental Agreements " LINK "appendixeD" 0}
   @{" E: Selected International Environmental Agreements                   " LINK "appendixeE" 0}
   @{" F: Weights and Measures                                              " LINK "appendixeF" 0}
   @{" G: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names                          " LINK "appendixeG" 0}
@endnode
@node "terms" " DESCRIPTION OF TERMS "
Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order
administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on
Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted
on by BGN are noted.  Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water
areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area
is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and
/or coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers).
Comparative areas are based on total area equivalents. Most entities are
compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller entities
are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The Mall in
Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).
Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000
population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate.
Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January
1994 was used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are
estimates for 1 July 1994, with population growth rates estimated for
calendar year 1994. Major political events have been updated through May
1994.
Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000
population at midyear; also known as crude death rate.
Digraphs: The digraph is a two-letter "country code" that precisely
identifies every entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for
example, is the digraph for Afghanistan. It is a standardized geopolitical
data element promulgated in the  Federal Information Processing Standards
Publication (FIPS) 10-3 by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (US Department of Commerce) and maintained by the Office of the
Geographer (US Department of State). The digraph is used to eliminate
confusion and incompatibility in the collection, processing, and
dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful for
interchanging data between databases.
Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with
183 nations, including 177 of the 184 UN members (excluded UN members are
Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Vietnam, and former Yugoslavia). In
addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 6 nations that are not in
the UN - Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, and Tuvalu.
Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official
development assistance (ODA) and other official flows (OOF). ODA is
defined as financial assistance which is concessional in character, has
the main objective to promote economic development and welfare of LDCs.
and contains a grant element of at least 25%. OOF transactions are also
official government assistance, but with a main objective other than
development and with a grant element less than 25%. OOF transactions
include official export credits (such as Ex-Im Bank credits), official
equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the official
sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to have
been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and
constitute a formal declaration of intent.
Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special
sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not
independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US
Government. "Nation" refers to a people politically organized into a
sovereign state with a definite territory. "Dependent area" refers to a
broad category of political entities that are associated in some way with
a nation. Names used for page headings are usually the short-form names as
approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. There are 266 entities in
The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows:
 NATIONS
 183 -- UN members (excluding both the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; membership status in
the UN is still to be determined)
 7 -- nations that are not members of the UN--Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru,
Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu
 OTHER
 1 -- Taiwan
 DEPENDENT AREAS
 6 -- Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
 (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands,
 Norfolk Island
 2 -- Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland
 16 -- France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
 Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso
 Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New
 Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
 Futuna
 2 -- Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
 3 -- New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
 3 -- Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
 1 -- Portugal--Macau
 16 -- United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
 British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
 Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands,
 Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and
 Caicos Islands
 15 -- United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
 Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
 Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
 (Palau), Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island
 MISCELLANEOUS
 6 -- Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank,
 Western Sahara
 OTHER ENTITIES
 4 -- oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean
 1 -- World
 266 -- total
Exchange rate: The value of a nation's monetary unit at a given date or
over a given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per
US dollar and as determined by international market forces or official
fiat.
Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all final goods and services
produced within a nation in a given year.
Gross national product (GNP): The value of all final goods and services
produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned abroad, minus
income earned by foreigners from domestic production.
Gross world product (GWP): The aggregate value of all goods and services
produced worldwide in a given year.
GNP/GDP methodology: In the "Economy" section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates
for the great majority of countries are derived from purchasing power
parity (PPP) calculations rather than from conversions at official
currency exchange rates. The PPP method normally involves the use of
international dollar price weights, which are applied to the quantities of
goods and services produced in a given economy. In addition to the lack of
reliable data from the majority of countries, the statistician faces a
major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing for the quality
of goods and services. The division of a GNP/GDP estimate in local
currency by the corresponding PPP estimate in dollars gives the PPP
conversion rate. On average, one thousand dollars will buy the same market
basket of goods in the US as one thousand dollars--converted to the local
currency at the PPP conversion rate--will buy in the other country.
Whereas PPP estimates for OECD countries are quite reliable, PPP estimates
for developing countries are often rough approximations.  The latter
estimates are based on extrapolation of numbers published by the UN
International Comparison Program and by Professors Robert Summers and Alan
Heston of the University of Pennsylvania and their colleagues.  Because
currency exchange rates depend on a variety of international and domestic
financial forces that often have little relation to domestic output, use
of these rates is less satisfactory for calculating GNP/GDP than the PPP
method.  In developing countries with weak currencies the exchange rate
estimate of GNP/GDP in dollars is typically one- fourth to one-half the
PPP estimate.  Furthermore, exchange rates may suddenly go up or down by
10% or more because of market forces or official fiat whereas real output
has remained unchanged.  On 12 January 1994, for example, the 14 countries
of the African Financial Community (whose currencies are tied to the
French franc) devalued their currencies by 50%.  This move, of course, did
not cut the real output of these countries by half.  One additional
caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of
GNP/GDP in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the
proportion when GNP/GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for
example, when an observer estimates the dollar level of Russian or
Japanese military expenditures;
Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population,
resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the
balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be
positive or negative.
Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs--narcotics,
stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These
categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors
as well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels.
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides
hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot,
Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol),
hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).
Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant
cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao
seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter.
Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.
Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and
include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal,
phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone
(Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl,
Valmid).
Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental,
emotional, or behavioral change in an individual.
Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that
results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an
individual.
Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness,
and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and
peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB),
phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy,
TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn).
Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis
sativa).
Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.
Mandrax is a synthetic chemical depressant, the same as, or similar to
Quaalude.
Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis
sativa).
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to
opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics
include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol),
codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussan AC), and
thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and
hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or
Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and
others (Darvon, Lomotil).
Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium
poppy.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and
semisynthetic narcotics.
Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried
opium poppy.
Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of catha edulis
that is chewed or drunk as tea.
Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and
activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn,
Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and
others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old
in a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year.
International disputes: This category includes a wide variety of
situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to
unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding disputes
over international boundaries and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by
the Department of State. References to other situations involving borders
or frontiers may also be included, such as resource disputes, geopolitical
questions, or irredentist issues. However, inclusion does not necessarily
constitute official acceptance or recognition by the US Government.
Irrigated land: The figure refers to the land area that is artificially
supplied with water.
Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable
land--land cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest
(wheat, maize, rice); permanent crops--land cultivated for crops that are
not replanted after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber);  meadows and
pastures--land permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and
woodland--under dense or open stands of trees; and other--any land type
not specifically mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert).
Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who
represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but is not
involved with the day- to-day activities of the government. The head of
government is the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day
activities of the government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of
state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. In the US, the
President is both the chief of state and the head of government.
Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a
group of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age
remains constant in the future.
Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy.
Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common
definition--the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing
the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read
and write is beyond the scope of this publication.
Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some
national claims from being extended the full distance.
Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All
commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes
tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of
merchant ships by nationality or register.
Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory,
possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned
in the parent country; also referred to as an offshore register, the
offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive register
will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local variant of it,
but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation rules of the
offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive register makes it
especially desirable for ships owned in the parent country, just as in the
internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. The captive
register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it is
not the register of an independent state.
Flag of convenience register--A national register offering registration to
a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of
convenience (FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees,
low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements.
True FOC registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships
registered actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any
flag can be used for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC
register is one where the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad.
It is also referred to as an open register.
Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal
jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad.
Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is
manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the
register.
Internal register--A register of ships maintained as a subset of a
national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag
and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime
rules from those on the main national register. These differences usually
include lower taxation of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and,
usually, ownership outside the flag state (when it functions as an FOC
register). The Norwegian International Ship Register and Danish
International Ship Register are the most notable examples of an internal
register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national
flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreign owned ships to the
Norwegian and Danish flags.
Merchant ship--A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight;
commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to
commercial vessels only.
Register--The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with
the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such
individual ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a
nationality and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which
registered (the flag state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's
ultimate owner.
Money figures: All money figures are expressed in contemporaneous US
dollars unless otherwise indicated.
National product: The total output of goods and services in a country in a
given year. See Gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national product
(GNP), and GNP/GDP methodology.
Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and
leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear
population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as
net immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons
leaving the country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population).
Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on
statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration
systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on
assumptions about future trends. Starting with the 1993 Factbook
demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have taken into
account the effects of the growing incidence of AIDS infections; in 1993
these countries were Burkina, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo,
Cote d'Ivoire, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire,
Zambia, Zimbabwe, Thailand, and Brazil.
Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born
per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and
bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age.
Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated
as fiscal year (FY).
Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from
material in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence
Community estimates. The Handbook of International Economic Statistics,
published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency,
contains detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, Eastern Europe, the newly
independent republics of the former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet
Union, and selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever
The World Factbook is available.
@endnode
@node "appendixea" " APPENDIXE A "
Appendix A:  The United Nations System
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate
agencies and bodies as follows:
1) Secretariat
2) General Assembly:
   Habitat Commission on Human Settlements
   UNCTAD  United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
   UNDP    United Nations Development Program
   UNEP    United Nations Environment Program
   UNFPA   United Nations Population Fund
   UNHCR   United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees
   UNICEF  United Nations Children's Fund
   UNITAR  UN Institute for Training and Research
   UNRWA   United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees
           in the Near East
   UN Special Fund
   UN University
   WFC     World Food Council
   WFP     World Food Program
3) Security Council:
   Peacekeeping Forces and Organizations
      UNAVEM II  United Nations Angola Verification Mission
      UNDOF      United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
      UNFICYP    United Nations Force in Cyprus
      UNIFIL     United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
      UNMOGIP    United Nations Military Observer Group in India and
                 Pakistan
      UNTSO      United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
      UNIKOM     United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission
      MINURSO    United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western
                 Sahara
      ONUSAL     United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador
      UNTAC      United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
      UNPROFOR   United Nations Protection Force
      UNOSOM II  United Nations Operation in Somalia
      UNOMIG     United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia
      UNOMOZ     United Nations Operation in Mozambique
      UNOMUR     United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda
   Commissions Established Pursuant to SC Res.687
      UNSCOM     UN Special Commission
      United National Compensation Commission
      UN Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
   Specialized agencies
      FAO       Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
      IBRD      International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
      ICAO      International Civil Aviation Organization
      IDA       International Development Association
      IFAD      International Fund for Agricultural Development
      IFC       International Finance Corporation
      ILO       International Labor Organization
      IMF       International Monetary Fund
      IMO       International Maritime Organization
      ITU       International Telecommunication Union
      UNESCO    United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
                Organization
      UNIDO     United Nations Industrial Development Organization
      UPU       Universal Postal Union
      WHO       World Health Organization
      WIPO      World Intellectual Property Organization
      WMO       World Meteorological Organization
   Related organizations
      GATT      General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
      IAEA      International Atomic Energy Agency
   Regional commissions
      ECA       Economic Commission for Africa
      ECE       Economic Commission for Europe
      ECLAC     Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
      ESCAP     Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
      ESCWA     Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
   Functional commissions
      Commission on Human Rights
      Commission on Narcotics Drugs
      Commission for Social Development
      Commission on the Status of Women
      Population Commission
      Statistical Commission
      Commission on Science and Technology for Development
      Commission on Sustainable Development
      Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
      Commission on Transnational Corporations
5) Trusteeship Council
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
@endnode
@node "appendixeb" " APPENDIXE B "
Appendix B:  Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups
A     ABEDA    Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
      ACC      Arab Cooperation Council
      ACCT     Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency
                    for Cultural and Technical Cooperation
      ACP      African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries
      AfDB     African Development Bank
      AFESD    Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
      AG       Andean Group
      AL       Arab League
      ALADI    Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin
                    American Integration Association (LAIA)
      AMF      Arab Monetary Fund
      AMU      Arab Maghreb Union
      ANZUS    Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty
      APEC     Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
      AsDB     Asian Development Bank
      ASEAN    Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B     BAD      Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development
                    Bank (AfDB)
      BADEA    Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see
                    Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
      BCIE     Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central
                    American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
      BDEAC    Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see
                    Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
      Benelux  Benelux Economic Union
      BID      Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American
                    Development Bank (IADB)
      BIS      Bank for International Settlements
      BOAD     Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African
                    Development Bank (WADB)
      BSEC     Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone
C     C        Commonwealth
      CACM     Central American Common Market
      CAEU     Council of Arab Economic Unity
      CARICOM  Caribbean Community and Common Market
      CBSS     Council of the Baltic Sea States
      CCC      Customs Cooperation Council
      CDB      Caribbean Development Bank
      CE       Council of Europe
      CEAO     Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West
                    African Economic Community (CEAO)
      CEEAC    Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see
                    Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
      CEI      Central European Initiative
      CEMA     Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA
                    or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991
      CEPGL    Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic
                    Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
       CERN     Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European
                    Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
      CG        Contadora Group
      CIS       Commonwealth of Independent States
      CMEA      Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known
                     as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991
      COCOM     Coordinating Committee on Export Controls
      Comecon   Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known
                     as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991
      CP        Colombo Plan
      CSCE      Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
D     DC        developed country
E     EADB      East African Development Bank
      EBRD      European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
      EC        European Community; see European Union (EU)
      ECA       Economic Commission for Africa
      ECAFE     Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic
                     and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
      ECE       Economic Commission for Europe
      ECLA      Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic
                     Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
      ECLAC     Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
      ECO       Economic Cooperation Organization
      ECOSOC    Economic and Social Council
      ECOWAS    Economic Community of West African States
      ECSC      European Coal and Steel Community
      ECWA      Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and
                     Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
      EEC       European Economic Community
      EFTA      European Free Trade Association
      EIB       European Investment Bank
      Entente   Council of the Entente
      ESA       European Space Agency
      ESCAP     Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
      ESCWA     Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
      EU        European Union
      Euratom   European Atomic Energy Community
F     FAO       Food and Agriculture Organization
      FLS       Front Line States
      FZ        Franc Zone
G     G-2       Group of 2
      G-3       Group of 3
      G-5       Group of 5
      G-6       Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six)
      G-7       Group of 7
      G-8       Group of 8
      G-9       Group of 9
      G-10      Group of 10
      G-11      Group of 11
      G-15      Group of 15
      G-19      Group of 19
      G-24      Group of 24
      G-30      Group of 30
      G-33      Group of 33
      G-77      Group of 77
      GATT      General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
      GCC       Gulf Cooperation Council
H     Habitat   Commission on Human Settlements
I     IADB      Inter-American Development Bank
      IAEA      International Atomic Energy Agency
      IBEC      International Bank for Economic Cooperation
      IBRD      International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
      ICAO      International Civil Aviation Organization
      ICC       International Chamber of Commerce
      ICEM      Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see
                     International Organization for Migration (IOM)
      ICFTU     International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
      ICJ       International Court of Justice
      ICM       Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see
                     International Organization for Migration (IOM)
      ICRC      International Committee of the Red Cross
      IDA       International Development Association
      IDB       Islamic Development Bank
      IEA       International Energy Agency
      IFAD      International Fund for Agricultural Development
      IFC       International Finance Corporation
      IFCTU     International Federation of Christian Trade Unions
      IGADD     Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development
      IIB       International Investment Bank
      ILO       International Labor Organization
      IMCO      Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see
                     International Maritime Organization (IMO)
      IMF       International Monetary Fund
      IMO       International Maritime Organization
      INMARSAT  International Maritime Satellite Organization
      INTELSAT  International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
      INTERPOL  International Criminal Police Organization
      IOC       International Olympic Committee
      IOM       International Organization for Migration
      ISO       International Organization for Standardization
      ITU       International Telecommunication Union
L     LAES      Latin American Economic System
      LAIA      Latin American Integration Association
      LAS       League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)
      LDC       less developed country
      LLDC      least developed country
      LORCS     League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
M     MERCOSUR  Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common Market
      MINURSO   United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
      MTCR      Missile Technology Control Regime
N     NACC      North Atlantic Cooperation Council
      NAM       Nonaligned Movement
      NATO      North Atlantic Treaty Organization
      NC        Nordic Council
      NEA       Nuclear Energy Agency
      NIB       Nordic Investment Bank
      NIC       newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing
                     economy (NIE)
      NIE       newly industrializing economy
      NSG       Nuclear Suppliers Group
O     OAPEC     Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
      OAS       Organization of American States
      OAU       Organization of African Unity
      OECD      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
      OECS      Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
      OIC       Organization of the Islamic Conference
      ONUSAL    United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador
      OPANAL    Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la
                     America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the
                     Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and
                     the Caribbean
      OPEC      Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
P     PCA       Permanent Court of Arbitration
R     RG        Rio Group
S     SAARC     South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
      SACU      Southern African Customs Union
      SADC      Southern African Development Community
      SADCC     Southern African Development Coordination Conference
      SELA      Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American
                     Economic System (LAES)
      SPARTECA  South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation
                     Agreement
      SPC       South Pacific Commission
      SPF       South Pacific Forum
U     UDEAC     Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see
                     Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
      UN        United Nations
      UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission
      UNCTAD    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
      UNDOF     United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
      UNDP      United Nations Development Program
      UNEP      United Nations Environment Program
      UNESCO    United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
                     Organization
      UNFICYP   United Nations Force in Cyprus
      UNFPA     United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN
                     Population Fund (UNFPA)
      UNHCR     United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees
      UNICEF    United Nations Children's Fund
      UNIDO     United Nations Industrial Development Organization
      UNIFIL    United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
      UNIKOM    United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission
      UNMOGIP   United Nations Military Observer Group in India and
                     Pakistan
      UNOMIG    United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia
      UNOMOZ    United Nations Operation in Mozambique
      UNOMUR    United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda
      UNOSOM    United Nations Operation in Somalia
      UNPROFOR  United Nations Protection Force
      UNRWA     United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine
                     Refugees in the Near East
      UNTAC     United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
      UNTSO     United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
      UPU       Universal Postal Union
      USSR/EE   USSR/Eastern Europe
W     WADB      West African Development Bank
      WCL       World Confederation of Labor
      WEU       Western European Union
      WFC       World Food Council
      WFP       World Food Program
      WFTU      World Federation of Trade Unions
      WHO       World Health Organization
      WIPO      World Intellectual Property Organization
      WMO       World Meteorological Organization
      WP        Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the
                     alliance)
      WTO       World Tourism Organization
Z     ZC        Zangger Committee
  Note: Not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations
@endnode
@node "appendixec" " APPENDIXE C "
Appendix C:  International Organizations and Groups
Note: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved,
and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia,
including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solely
on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the United
Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and their
subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations Specialized Agencies. The
United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to
remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to
fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number
of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the
membership of the former Yugoslavia. The World Factbook therefore continues
to list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat
remains or where no action has yet been taken.
-----
advanced developing countries
another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly
rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
-----
African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
established - 1 April 1976
aim - members have a preferential economic and aid relationship with the EU
members - (70) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica,
Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao
Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands,
Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
African Development Bank (AfDB),
also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
established - 4 August 1963
aim - to promote economic and social development
regional members - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome
and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland,
Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
nonregional members - (26) Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea,
Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
-----
Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)
see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
-----
Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
note - acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique
established - 21 March 1970
aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking
countries
members - (34) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central
African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica,
Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles,
Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire
associate members - (5) Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint
Lucia
participating governments - (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada)
observers - (3) Bulgaria, Cambodia, Romania
-----
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the
Caribbean (OPANAL)
note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares
en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
established - 14 February 1967
aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear
weapons
members - (26) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and
Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
-----
Andean Group (AG)
established - 26 May 1969
effective - 16 October 1969
aim - to promote harmonious development through economic integration
members - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
associate member - (1) Panama
observers - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy,
Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US,
Uruguay, Yugoslavia
-----
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique
(BADEA)
established - 18 February 1974
effective - 16 September 1974
aim - to promote economic development
members - (17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation
Organization; note - these are all the members of the Arab League except
Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen
-----
Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)
established - 16 February 1989
aim - to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to
an Arab Common Market
members - (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen
-----
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
established - 16 May 1968
aim - to promote economic and social development
members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,
Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
-----
Arab League (AL)
note - also known as League of Arab States (LAS)
established - 22 March 1945
aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation
members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,
Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen,
Palestine Liberation Organization
-----
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
established - 17 February 1989
aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of
northern Africa
members - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
-----
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
established - 27 April 1976
effective - 2 February 1977
aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary
and economic affairs
members - (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine
Liberation Organization
-----
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
established - 7 November 1989
aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin
members - (16) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South
Korea, NZ, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, US
-----
Asian Development Bank (AsDB)
established - 19 December 1966
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation
regional members - (37) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma,
Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan,
Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands,
Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua
New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan,
Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
nonregional members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, UK, US
-----
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
-----
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
established - 9 August 1967
aim - to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation
among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia
members - (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
observers - (3) Laos, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam
-----
Australia Group
established - 1984
aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical and
biological weapons
members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
UK, US
observer - (1) Singapore
-----
Australia--New Zealand--United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
established - 1 September 1951
effective - 29 April 1952
aim - to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US
suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986
members - (3) Australia, NZ, US
-----
Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)
see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
-----
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)
see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
-----
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
established - 20 January 1930
effective - 17 March 1930
aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial
settlements
members - (33) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
-----
Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
see African Development Bank (AfDB)
-----
Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)
see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
-----
Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)
see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
-----
Banque Ouest-Africaine de  Developpement (BOAD)
see West African Development Bank (WADB)
-----
Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)
note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
established - 3 February 1958
effective - 1 November 1960
aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integration
members - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
-----
Big Seven
note - membership is the same as the Group of 7
established - NA 1975
aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies
members - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the
-----
Big Six
note - not to be confused with the Group of 6
established - NA 1967
aim - to foster economic cooperation
members - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK
-----
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)
established - 25 June 1992
aim - to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation
members - (11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece,
Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine
observer - (1) Poland
-----
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
established - 4 July 1973
effective - 1 August 1973
aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially among the
less developed countries
members - (13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago
associate members - (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
observers - (10) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic,
Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Venezuela
-----
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
established - 18 October 1969
effective - 26 January 1970
aim - to promote economic development and cooperation
regional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia,
Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago,
Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela
nonregional members - (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK
-----
Cartagena Group
see Group of 11
-----
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
note - acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale
established - 8 December 1964
effective - 1 January 1966
aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market
members - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon
-----
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
established - 3 December 1975
aim - to provide loans for economic development
members - (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait
-----
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico
established - 13 December 1960
aim - to promote economic integration and development
members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
nonregional members - (4) Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan, Venezuela
-----
Central American Common Market (CACM)
established - 13 December 1960
effective - 3 June 1961
aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market
members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
-----
Central European Initiative (CEI)
note - evolved from the Hexagonal Group
established - 27 July 1991
aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the region
between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas
members - (10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia
participating nonmembers - (6) Baden-Wurtemburg, Bavaria, Belarus,
Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine
-----
centrally planned economies
a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to
the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more
democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second
World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included
Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary,
North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
-----
Colombo Plan (CP)
established - 1 July 1951
aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific
members - (24) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia,
Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives,
Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore,
Sri Lanka, Thailand, US
-----
Commission for Social Development
established - 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966
aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with social
development programs of UN
members - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
Commission on Human Rights
established - 18 February 1946
aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with human rights
programs of UN
members - (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat)
established - 12 October 1978
aim - Economic and Social Council organization assisting in solving human
settlement problems of UN
members - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
established - 16 February 1946
aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with illicit drugs
programs of UN
members - (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis
on producing and processing countries
-----
Commission on the Status of Women
established - 21 June 1946
aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with women's rights
goals of UN
members - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
Commonwealth (C)
established - 31 December 1931
aim - voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire and that
seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance
members - (48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia,
Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi,
Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua
New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri
Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK,
Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
special members - (2) Nauru, Tuvalu
-----
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
established - 8 December 1991
effective - 21 December 1991
aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism
for the orderly dissolution of the USSR
members - (12) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
-----
Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)
see West African Economic Community (CEAO)
-----
Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)
see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
-----
Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)
see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
-----
Communist countries
traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments
and command economies based on the Soviet model; most of the successor
states are no longer Communist; see centrally planned economies
-----
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
established - 3 July 1973
aim - discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the
Helsinki Agreement
members - (53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK,
US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia (suspended)
observer - (1) The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
-----
Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)
see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
-----
Contadora Group (CG)
was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to
reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio
Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
-----
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
-----
Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)
note - was abolished 31 March 1994; COCOM members are working on a new
organization with expanded membership which focuses on nonproliferation
export controls as opposed to East-West controls of advanced technology
established - NA 1949
aim - to control the export of strategic products and technical data from
member countries to proscribed destinations
members - (17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Turkey, UK, US
cooperating countries - (14) Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Hong Kong,
Hungary, Ireland, South Korea, NZ, Poland, Singapore, Slovakia, Sweden,
Switzerland, Taiwan
-----
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)
also known as CMEA or Comecon,
was established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist
economies and was abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan
(observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR),
Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer),
GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua
(observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia
(associate)
-----
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
established - 3 June 1957
effective - 30 May 1964
aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nations
members - (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen,
Palestine Liberation Organization
-----
Council of Europe (CE)
established - 5 May 1949
effective - 3 August 1949
aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe
members - (32) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, UK
guests - (8) Albania, Belarus, Croatia, Latvia, Moldova, Russia, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine
observers - (2) Holy See, Israel
-----
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
established - 5 March 1992
aim - to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in the areas of
aid to new democratic institutions, economic development, humanitarian aid,
energy and the environment, cultural programs and education, and
transportation and communication
members - (10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania,
Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden
observers - (2) Belarus, Ukraine
-----
Council of the Entente (Entente)
established - 29 May 1959
aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordination
members - (5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo
-----
Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)
established - 15 December 1950
aim - to promote international cooperation in customs matters
members - (126) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon,
The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong
Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
developed countries (DCs)
the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of
developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and
less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of
the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European
ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the
North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess
of $10,000 although four OECD countries and South Africa have figures well
under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of more
than $10,000; the 35 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San
Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
-----
developing countries
an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies;
see less developed countries (LDCs)
-----
East African Development Bank (EADB)
established - 6 June 1967
effective - 1 December 1967
aim - to promote economic development
members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
-----
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far
East (ECAFE)
aim - to carryout the commitment of the Economic and Social Council of the
UN to promote economic development
members - (48) Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,
Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,
Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan,
Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Vietnam, Western Samoa
associate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia,
Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands,
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau)
-----
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's
Economic and Social Council
members - (12 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, Egypt,
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE,
Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
-----
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes five
regional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, Economic
Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,
Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six functional
commissions (see Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human
Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women,
Population Commission, Statistical Commission, Commission on Science and
Technology for Development, Commission on Sustainable Development,
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and Commission on
Transnational Corporations)
members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
established - 29 April 1958
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's
Economic and Social Council
members - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan,
Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members - (2) France, UK
-----
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
-----
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
established - 28 March 1947
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's
Economic and Social Council
members - (54) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia
-----
Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
-----
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin America
(ECLA)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's
Economic and Social Council
members - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and
Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
associate members - (6) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat,
Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
-----
Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
-----
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)-acronym from
Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
established - 18 October 1983
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a Central
African Common Market
members - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire
observer - (1) Angola
-----
Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs
established - 26 September 1976
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration
members - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire
-----
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
established - 28 May 1975
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation
members - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria,
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
-----
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
established - NA 1985
aim - to promote regional cooperation in trade, transportation,
communications, tourism, cultural affairs, and economic development
members - (11) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus",
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
-----
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
established - 15 April 1991
aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies in
Europe (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former
USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its
loans to privatization
members - (58) Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, European
Community (EC), European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland, France,
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia; note - includes all
25 members of the OECD; also includes the EC as a single entity
-----
European Community (or European Communities, EC) was established 8 April
1965 to integrate the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the
European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), the European Economic Community
(EEC or Common Market), and to establish a completely integrated common
market and an eventual federation of Europe; merged into the European Union
(EU) on 7 February 1992; member states at the time of merger were Belgium,
Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Portugal, Spain, UK
-----
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
established - 4 January 1960
effective - 3 May 1960
aim - to promote expansion of free trade
members - (7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland
-----
European Investment Bank (EIB)
established - 25 March 1957
effective - 1 January 1958
aim - to promote economic development of the EU
members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
-----
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeen
pour la Recherche Nucleaire
established - 1 July 1953
effective - 29 September 1954
aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only
members - (19) Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
observers - (6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Yugoslavia
-----
European Space Agency (ESA)
established - 31 July 1973
effective - 1 May 1975
aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and technology
members - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy,
Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
associate member - (1) Finland
cooperating state - (1) Canada
-----
European Union (EU)
note - evolved from the European Community (EC)
established - 7 February 1992
effective - 1 November 1993
aim - to coordinate policy among the 12 members in three fields: economics,
building on the European Economic Community's (EEC) efforts to establish a
common market and eventually a common currency; defense, within the concept
of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); and justice and home
affairs, including immigration, drugs, terrorism, and improved living and
working conditions
members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
-----
First World
another term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; this
term is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs)
-----
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
established - 16 October 1945
aim - UN specialized agency to raise living standards and increase
availability of agricultural products
members - (162) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,
Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EC, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,
Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea,
Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE,
UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,
Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate member - (1) Puerto Rico
-----
Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE)
the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of
developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and
less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and
economic transition and may well be grouped differently in the near future;
this group of 27 countries consists of Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Tajikistan, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
-----
Four Dragons
the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that have experienced
unusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group
includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan
-----
Four Tigers
another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons
-----
Franc Zone (FZ)
established - NA
aim - to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked
to the French franc
members - (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad,
Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali,
Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes metropolitan France, the four
overseas departments of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique,
Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint
Pierre and Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French
Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna)
-----
Front Line States (FLS)
established - NA
aim - to achieve black majority rule in South Africa
members - (7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
-----
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
note - to be subsumed by the World Trade Organization on 31 December 1994
established - 30 October 1947
effective - 1 January 1948
aim - to promote the expansion of international trade on a
nondiscriminatory basis
members - (117) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana,
Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African
Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El
Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea,
Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,
Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,
UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
-----
Group of 2 (G-2)
established - informal term that came into use about 1986
aim - bilateral economic cooperation between the two most powerful economic
giants
members - (2) Japan, US
-----
Group of 3 (G-3)
established - NA October 1990
aim - mechanism for policy coordination
members - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela
-----
Group of 5 (G-5)
established - 22 September 1985
aim - to coordinate the economic policies of the five major non-Communist
economic powers
members - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US
-----
Group of 6 (G-6)
note - also known as Groupe des Six Sur le Desarmement not to be confused
with the Big Six
established - 22 May 1984
aim - to achieve nuclear disarmament
members - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania
-----
Group of 7 (G-7)
note - membership is the same as the Big Seven
established - 22 September 1985
aim - to facilitate economic cooperation among the seven major non-
Communist economic powers
members - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada and
Italy
-----
Group of 8 (G-8)
established - NA October 1975
aim - to facilitate economic cooperation among the developed countries
(DCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic
Cooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3
June 1977
members - (8) Australia, Canada, EU (as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, US
-----
Group of 9 (G-9)
established - NA
aim - informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual interest
members - (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary,
Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia
-----
Group of 10 (G-10)
note - also known as the Paris Club, wealthiest members of the IMF who
provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the informal steering
committee; name persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA
April 1984
established - NA October 1962
aim - to make credit policy
members - (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands,
Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
-----
Group of 11 (G-11)
note - also known as the Cartagena Group
established - 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia
aim - to provide a forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America
members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
-----
Group of 15 (G-15)
note - byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement
established - September 1989
aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; to act as
the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement
members - (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia,
Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia,
Zimbabwe
-----
Group of 19 (G-19)
established - NA October 1975
aim - to represent the interests of the less developed countries (LDCs)
that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation
(CIEC) held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977
members - (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi
Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
-----
Group of 24 (G-24)
established - NA January 1972
aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and
Latin America within the IMF
members - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt,
Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago,
Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
-----
Group of 30 (G-30)
established - NA 1979
aim - to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic problems
members - (30) informal group of 30 leading international bankers,
economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes
Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF)
-----
Group of 33 (G-33)
established - NA 1987
aim - to promote solutions to international economic problems
members - (33) leading economists from 13 countries
-----
Group of 77 (G-77)
established - NA October 1967
aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; name
persists in spite of increased membership
members - (128 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,
Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,
Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central
African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia,
Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi,
Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar,
Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
Palestine Liberation Organization
-----
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
note - also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the
established - 25 May 1981
aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, political, and
military affairs
members - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE
-----
Habitat
see Commission on Human Settlements
-----
Hexagonal Group
see Central European Initiative (CEI)
-----
high-income countries
another term for the industrialized countries with high per capita
GNPs/GDPs; see developed countries (DCs)
-----
industrial countries
another term for the developed countries; see developed countries (DCs)
-----
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
note - also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)
established - 8 April 1959
effective - 30 December 1959
aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin America
members - (44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize,
Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico,
Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain,
Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay,
Venezuela
-----
Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)
established - 15-16 January 1986
aim - to promote cooperation on drought-related
matters
members - (6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda
-----
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
established - 26 October 1956
effective - 29 July 1957
aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy
members - (116) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia,
Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Holy See,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia,
Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius,
Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,
Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey,
Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
(suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC)
was established on 22 October 1963 to promote economic cooperation and
development; members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank
with a new charter
-----
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
note - also known as the World Bank
established - 22 July 1944
effective - 27 December 1945
aim - UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic rebuilding
after World War II and now provides economic development loans
members - (177) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,
Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and
Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
established - NA 1919
aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to represent
business interests at national and international levels
members - (59 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus,
Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands,
Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Togo,
Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
-----
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
established - 7 December 1944
effective - 4 April 1947
aim - UN specialized agency to promote international cooperation in civil
aviation
members - (181) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,
Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea,
South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,
Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,
Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of
Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru,
Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands,
Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
-----
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
established - NA 1863
aim - to provide humanitarian aid in wartime
members - (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals
-----
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
established - NA December 1949
aim - to promote the trade union movement
members - (164 national organizations in the following 117 areas) Antigua
and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Botswana,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile,
China, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia,
Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, South
Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, Netherlands, New
Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania,
Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,
Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK,
US, Venezuela, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
note - also known as the World Court
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - primary judicial organ of the UN
members - (15 judges) elected by the UN General Assembly and Security
Council to represent all principal legal systems
-----
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
established - 13 June 1956
aim - to promote international cooperation between criminal police
authorities
members - (170) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru,
Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and
Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
subbureaus - (11) American Samoa, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin
Islands, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Macau, Montserrat, Puerto
Rico, Turks and Caicos Islands
-----
International Development Association (IDA)
established - 26 January 1960
effective - 24 September 1960
aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides economic loans
for low income countries
members - (156)
Part I - (24 more economically advanced countries) Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, South
Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US
Part II - (132 less developed nations) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria,
Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Ghana,
Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,
Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western
Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Energy Agency (IEA)
established - 15 November 1974
aim - established by the OECD to promote cooperation on energy matters,
especially emergency oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and
oil producers
members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
-----
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
established - 25 May 1955
effective - 20 July 1956
aim - UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that helps private
enterprise sector in economic development
members - (159) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina,
Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,
Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
established - NA November 1974
aim - UN specialized agency that promotes agricultural development
members - (150)
Category I - (21 industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK,
Category II - (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) Algeria, Gabon,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE,
Venezuela
Category III - (117 aid recipients) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua
and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin,
Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba,
Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel,
Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,
Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,
Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,
Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Investment Bank (IIB)
established on 7 July 1970; to promote economic development; members were
Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland,
Romania, USSR, Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new charter
-----
International Labor Organization (ILO)
established - 11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December 1946)
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues
members - (169) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,
Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,
Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,
Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
note - name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative
Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982
established - 17 March 1958
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world maritime affairs
members - (146) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,
Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia,
Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire
associate members - (2) Hong Kong, Macau
-----
International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)
established - 3 September 1976
effective - 26 July 1979
aim - to provide worldwide communications for maritime shipping and other
applications
members - (69) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy,
Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco,
Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,
Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Yugoslavia
-----
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
established - 22 July 1944
effective - 27 December 1945
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world monetary stability and
economic development
members - (179) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,
Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao
Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
observers-(3) Holy See, North Korea, Monaco
-----
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
established-23 June 1894
aim-to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic games: 1994
Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway (12-27 February); 1996 Summer
Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 July-4 August); 1998 Winter Olympics
in Nagano, Japan (date NA)
members-(184) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra,
Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria,
Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium,
Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,
Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon,
Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kazahkstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan,
Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino,
Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia,
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
established as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of
Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for European
Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed Intergovernmental Committee
for Migration (ICM) in November 1980; current name adopted 14 November 1989
established - 5 December 1951
aim - to facilitate orderly international emigration and immigration
members - (48) Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium,
Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland,
Thailand, Uganda, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia
observers - (40) Albania, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council of Australia
Inc., Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Holy See, India, Indonesia, Japan, Japan
International Friendship and Welfare Foundation, Jordan, Latvia, Malta,
Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, NZ, Niwano Peace Foundation, Partnership with the
Children of the Third World, Presiding Bishop's Fund for World
Relief/Episcopal Church, Refugee Council of Australia, Romania, Russia, San
Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain,
Turkey, UK, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
established - NA February 1947
aim - to promote the development of international standards
members - (73 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria,
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia,
Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain,
Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia,
Zimbabwe
correspondent members - (20) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Estonia, Hong Kong,
Jordan, Kuwait, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritius,
Nepal, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Seychelles, Uganda, UAE
-----
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
established - NA 1928
aim - to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and League of Red Cross and
Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in peacetime
members - (9) 2 representatives from ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 from
national societies elected by the international conference of the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
-----
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
established - 9 December 1932
effective - 1 January 1934
affiliated with the UN - 15 November 1947
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with world telecommunications
members - (182) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,
Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia,
Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho,
Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,
Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated
States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia,
South Africa (suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended),
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)
established - 20 August 1971
effective - 12 February 1973
aim - to develop and operate a global commercial telecommunications
satellite system
members - (126) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,
Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See,
Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,
Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
nonsignatory users - (56) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Belarus,
Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi,
Cambodia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kiribati,
North Korea, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Lithuania, Maldives, Malta,
Marshall Islands, Moldova, Mongolia, Namibia, Nauru, Niue, Poland, Sao Tome
and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon
Islands, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,
Tajikistan, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Tonga, Turkmenistan,
Tuvalu, Ukraine, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
-----
Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
established - 15 December 1973
aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development
members - (47 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan
(suspended), Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin,
Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The
Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco,
Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen,
Palestine Liberation Organization
-----
Latin American Economic System (LAES)
note - also known as Sistema Economico Latinoamericana (SELA)
established - 17 October 1975
aim - to promote economic and social development through regional
cooperation
members - (27) Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
-----
Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
note - also known as Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
established - 12 August 1980
effective - 18 March 1981
aim - to promote freer regional trade
members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
observers - (16) Commission of the European Communities, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Inter-American
Development Bank, Italy, Nicaragua, Organization of American States,
Panama, Portugal, Spain, United Nations Development Program, United Nations
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
-----
League of Arab States (LAS)
see Arab League (AL)
-----
League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS)
established - 5 May 1919
aim - to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime
members - (153) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina,
Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,
Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,
Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,
Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members - (2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
-----
least developed countries (LLDCs)
that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially identified
by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant economic
growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally less than $1,000, and low literacy
rates; also known as the undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs are:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti,
Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique,
Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,
Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen
-----
less developed countries (LDCs)
the bottom group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of
developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and
less developed countries (LDCs); mainly countries with low levels of
output, living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs are
generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,500; however, the group also
includes a number of countries with high per capita incomes, areas of
advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; includes the advanced
developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers),
least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income
countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World,
underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 174 LDCs are:
Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands,
Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman
Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island,
Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands,
Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip,
Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala,
Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North
Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle of Man, Marshall
Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of
Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru,
Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda,
Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and
Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands,
Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania,
Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and
Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western
Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
low-income countries
another term for those less developed countries with below-average per
capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)
-----
London Suppliers Group
see Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
-----
Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR)
see Southern Cone Common Market
-----
middle-income countries
another term for those less developed countries with above-average per
capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)
-----
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
established - April 1987
aim - to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export of key
missile technologies and equipment
members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
UK, US
-----
Near Abroad
the 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million ethnic
Russians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong national security
interest
-----
newly industrializing countries (NICs)
former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly
industrializing economies (NIEs)
-----
newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experienced
particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known as
the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced
developing countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South
Korea, Singapore, Taiwan) plus Brazil
-----
Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
established - 1-6 September 1961
aim - to establish political and military cooperation apart from the
traditional East or West blocs
members - (107 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,
Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin,
Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia,
Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt,
Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica,
Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda,
Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,
Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE,
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,
Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization
observers - (21) African National Congress, Afro-Asian Solidarity
Organization, Antigua and Barbuda, Arab League, Armenia, Brazil, China,
Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, El Salvador, Islamic Conference, Kanaka
Socialist National Liberation Front (New Caledonia), Mexico, Mongolia,
Organization of African Unity, Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, Socialist
Party of Puerto Rico, Thailand, UN, Uruguay
guests - (21) Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada,
Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, NZ,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland
-----
Nordic Council (NC)
established - 16 March 1952
effective - 12 February 1953
aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation
members - (5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; note - Denmark
includes Faroe Islands and Greenland, and Finland includes Aland Islands
-----
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)
established - 4 December 1975
effective - 1 June 1976
aim - to promote economic cooperation and development
members - (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland
(including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden
-----
North
a popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located in
the northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of the
South; see developed countries (DCs)
-----
North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)
note - an extension of NATO
established - 8 November 1991
effective - 20 December 1991
aim - to form a forum to discuss cooperation concerning mutual political
and security issues
members - (38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US,
Uzbekistan
-----
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
established - 17 September 1949
aim - to promote mutual defense and cooperation
members - (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
-----
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
established - NA 1958
aim - associated with OECD, seeks to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear
energy
members - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
-----
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
note - also known as the London Suppliers Group
established - 1974
aim - to establish guidelines for exports of technical information,
processing equipment for uranium enrichment and nuclear materials to
countries of proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability
members - (28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
-----
Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina
y el Caribe (OPANAL)
see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the
Caribbean (OPANAL)
-----
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
established - 14 December 1960
effective - 30 September 1961
aim - to promote economic cooperation and development
members - (25) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,
Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, UK, US
special member - (1) EU
-----
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
established - 25 May 1963
aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African states
members - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia,
Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan,
Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
Organization of American States (OAS)
established - 30 April 1948
effective - 13 December 1951
aim - to promote regional peace and security as well as economic and social
development
members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba
(excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,
Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
observers - (31) Algeria, Angola, Austria, Belgium, Central American
Parliament, Cyprus, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Holy See, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea,
Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi
Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia
-----
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
established - 9 January 1968
aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry
members - (10) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, Syria, UAE
-----
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
established - 18 June 1981
effective - 4 July 1981
aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation
members - (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
associate member - (1) British Virgin Islands
-----
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
established - 14 September 1960
aim - to coordinate petroleum policies
members - (12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,
Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela
-----
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
established - 22-25 September 1969
aim - to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in economic, social,
cultural, and political affairs
members - (47 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan
(suspended), Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin,
Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The
Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco,
Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia,
Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen,
Palestine Liberation Organization
observers - (4) Kazakhstan, Mozambique, Nigeria, "Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus"
-----
Paris Club
see Group of 10
-----
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
established - 29 July 1899
aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes
members - (78) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China,
Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala,
Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda,
Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe
-----
Population Commission
established - 3 October 1946
aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with population
matters of importance to the UN
members - (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
Rio Group (RG)
note - formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established in December 1986
established - NA 1988
aim - a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues
members - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Mexico, Paraguay, Peru (suspended), Uruguay, Venezuela; note-Panama was
expelled in 1988; Peru was suspended after April 1992 coup
-----
Second World
another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states with
authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model;
the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies
-----
socialist countries in general, countries in which the government owns and
plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term is
sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries
-----
South
a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally
located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; see
less developed countries (LDCs)
-----
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
established - 8 December 1985
aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation
members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka
-----
South Pacific Commission (SPC)
established - 6 February 1947
effective - 29 July 1948
aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters
members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France,
French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn
Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis
and Futuna, Western Samoa
-----
South Pacific Forum (SPF)
established - 5 August 1971
aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters
members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
observer - (1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau)
-----
South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA)
established - NA 1981
aim - to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New Zealand
with small island economies in Pacific region
members - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,
Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon
Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa
-----
Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
established - 11 December 1969
aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters
members - (9) Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland
-----
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
note - evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination
Conference (SADCC)
established - 17 August 1992
aim - to promote regional economic development and integration
members - (10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia,
Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)
established - 26 March 1991
aim - regional economic cooperation
members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
-----
Statistical Commission
established - 21 June 1946
aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with development and
standardization of national statistics of interest to the UN
members - (25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
Third World
another term for the less developed countries; the term is fading from use;
see less developed countries (LDCs)
-----
underdeveloped countries
refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above-
average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs)
-----
undeveloped countries
refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little
prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs)
-----
Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC)
see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
-----
United Nations (UN)
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - to maintain international peace and security and to promote
cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems
members - (183 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria,
Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,
Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,
El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of
Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon
Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire,
Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members are represented in the General
Assembly
observers - (2 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Holy See,
Switzerland, Palestine Liberation Organization
-----
United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II)
note - successor to original UNAVEM
established - 20 December 1988
aim - established by the UN Security Council to verify the withdrawal of
Cuban troops from Angola
members - (25) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Congo, Czech Republic,
Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco,
Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain,
Sweden, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe
-----
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN International
Children's Emergency Fund
established - 11 December 1946
aim - to help establish child health and welfare services
members - (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD)
established - 30 December 1964
aim - to promote international trade
members - (187) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga
-----
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
established - 22 November 1965
aim - to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social
development
members - (48) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
established - 31 May 1974
aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 Arab-
Israeli ceasefire
members - (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland
-----
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
established - 16 November 1945
effective - 4 November 1946
aim - to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture
members - (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,
Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands,
Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,
Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa,
Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members - (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles
-----
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
established - 15 December 1972
aim - to promote international cooperation on all environmental matters
members - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
established - 4 March 1964
aim - established by the UN Security Council to serve as a peacekeeping
force between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus
members - (8) Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland,
Sweden, UK
-----
United Nations General Assembly
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - primary deliberative organ in the UN
members - (184) all UN members are represented in the General Assembly
-----
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
established - 17 November 1966
effective - 1 January 1967
aim - UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development especially
among the members
members - (165) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,
Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea,
Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,
UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia
(suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
established - 19 March 1978
aim - established by the UN Security Council to confirm the withdrawal of
Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish Lebanese authority in
southern Lebanon
members - (10) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway,
Poland, Sweden
-----
United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM)
established - 9 April 1991
aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe and monitor the
demilitarized zone established between Iraq and Kuwait
members - (33) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Denmark,
Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland,
Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
-----
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
established - 13 August 1948
aim - established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949
India-Pakistan ceasefire
members - (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden,
Uruguay
-----
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
(MINURSO)
established - 29 April 1991
aim - established by the UN Security Council to supervise the
referendum in Western Sahara
members - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada,
China, Egypt, France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Ireland, Italy,
Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Tunisia,
UK, US, Venezuela
-----
United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL)
established - 20 May 1991
aim - established by the UN Security Council to verify ceasefire
arrangements and to monitor the maintenance of public order pending the
organization of a new National Civil Police
members - (16) Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, France,
Guyana, India, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela
-----
United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
established - 1993 for a period of six months
aim - to verify compliance with the cease-fire agreement reached 27 July
1993 and investigate reports of violations of that agreement
members - (10) Austria, Bangladesh, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany,
Greece, Poland, Sierra Leone, Sweden, Switzerland
-----
United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR)
established - 1993 for six months
aim - to monitor the Uganda/Rwanda border to verify that no military
assistance reaches Rwanda across the border
members - (10) Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Fiji, Hungary,
Netherlands, Senegal Slovakia, Zimbabwe
-----
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
established - 3 December 1949
effective - 1 January 1951
aim - to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find
permanent solutions to refugee problems
members - (46) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,
Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho,
Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania,
Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire
-----
United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ)
established - 16 December 1992
aim - established by the UN Security Council to supervise the ceasefire
members - (18) Argentina, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde,
Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Malaysia, Portugal,
Russia, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay, Zambia
-----
United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM)
established - 24 April 1992
aim - established by the UN Security Council to facilitate an immediate
cessation of hostilities, to maintain a ceasefire in order to promote a
political settlement, and to provide urgent humanitarian assistance
members - (33) Argentina, Australia,  Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Egypt,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan,
South Korea, Malaysia, Morocco, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,
Romania, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, US, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
-----
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
note - acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for
Population Activities
established - NA July 1967
aim - to assist in both developed and developing countries dealing with
population problems
members - (51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
established - 28 February 1992
aim - established by the UN Security Council to create conditions for peace
and security required for the negotiation of an overall settlement of the
"Yugoslav" crisis
members - (34) Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, India,
Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Luxembourg, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, Venezuela
-----
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near
East (UNRWA)
established - 8 December 1949
aim - to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees
members - (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria,
Turkey, UK, US
-----
United Nations Secretariat
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - to serve as the primary administrative organ of the UN; a Secretary
General is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the
recommendation of the Security Council
-----
United Nations Security Council
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - to maintain international peace and security
permanent members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US
nonpermanent members - (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN General
Assembly; Brazil (1993-94), Cape Verde (1992-93), Djibouti (1993-94),
Hungary (1992-93), Japan (1992-93), Morocco (1992-93), NZ (1993-94),
Pakistan (1993-94), Spain (1993-94), Venezuela (1992-93)
-----
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
established - 28 February 1992
aim - established by the UN Security Council to contribute to the
restoration and maintenance of peace and to the holding of free elections
members - (45) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium,
Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Fiji,
France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden,
Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay
-----
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
established - NA May 1948
aim - initially established by the UN Security Council to supervise the
1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently extended to work in the Sinai,
Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan
members - (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile,
China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US
-----
United Nations Trusteeship Council
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - to supervise the administration of the UN trust territories; only one
of the original 11 trusteeships remains - the Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands (Palau)
members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US
-----
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
established - 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947
effective - 1 July 1948
aim - UN specialized agency that promotes international postal cooperation
members-(185) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,
Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea,
South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,
Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco,
Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands,
Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas
Territories of the UK, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao
Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK,
US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia
(suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
------
Warsaw Pact (WP)
was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July
1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution
were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR;
earlier members included East Germany and Albania
-----
West African Development Bank (WADB)
note - also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)
established - 14 November 1973
aim - to promote regional economic development and integration
members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal,
-----
West African Economic Community (CEAO)
note - acronym from Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
established - 3 June 1972
aim - to promote regional economic development
members - (7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,
Senegal
observers - (2) Guinea, Togo
-----
Western European Union (WEU)
established - 23 October 1954
effective - 6 May 1955
aim - mutual defense and progressive political unification
members - (9) Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Portugal, Spain, UK
associate members - (4) Greece, Iceland, Norway, Turkey
observers - (2) Denmark, Ireland
-----
World Bank
see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
-----
World Bank Group
includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance
Corporation (IFC)
-----
World Confederation of Labor (WCL)
established - 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of Christian
Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968
aim - to promote the trade union movement
members - (99 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia,
Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,
Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran,
Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico,
Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico,
Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US,
Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
World Court
see International Court of Justice (ICJ)
-----
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
established - 3 October 1945
aim - to promote the trade union movement
members - (86) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia,
Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, The
Gambia, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, Martinique, Mauritius,
Mexico, Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Puerto Rico, Reunion,
Romania, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire
-----
World Food Council (WFC)
established - 17 December 1974
aim - ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and recommends
solutions
members - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
World Food Program (WFP)
established - 24 November 1961
aim - ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in development
or disaster relief
members - (42) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
-----
World Health Organization (WHO)
established - 22 July 1946
effective - 7 April 1948
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with health matters
members - (186) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco,
Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,
Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino,
Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,
Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu,
Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
associate members - (2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau
-----
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
established - 14 July 1967
effective - 26 April 1970
aim - UN specialized agency concerned with the protection of literary,
artistic, and scientific works
members - (140) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin,
Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central
African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt,
El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon,
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,
Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine,
UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended),
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
established - 11 October 1947
effective - 4 April 1951
aim - specialized UN agency concerned with meteorological cooperation
members - (173) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,
British Caribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,
Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong
Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea,
Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua,
Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint
Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South
Africa (suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
-----
World Tourism Organization (WTO)
established - 2 January 1975
aim - to promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic
development, international understanding, and peace
members - (109) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria,
Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote
d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,
Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco,
Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE,
US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
associate members-(4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico
observer-(1) Holy See
-----
Zangger Committee (ZC)
established-early 1970s
aim-to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the
nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
members-(29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
@endnode
@node "appendixed" " APPENDIXE D "
     Appendix D:  Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental
                  Agreements
A  Air Pollution
     Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
   Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
     Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Nitrogen
     Oxides Protocol)
   Air Pollution-Sulphur
     Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Sulphur
     Protocol)
   Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
     Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Volatile Organic
     Compounds Protocol)
   Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
     Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
B  Biodiversity
     Convention on Biological Diversity
C  Climate Change
     United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
E  Endangered Species
     Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of
     Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
   Environmental Modification
     Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
     Environmental Modification Techniques
H  Hazardous Wastes
     Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
     Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
L  Law of the Sea
     United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
M  Marine Dumping
     Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and
     Other Matter; note - also known as the London Convention
   Marine Life Conservation
     Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High
     Seas
N  Nuclear Test Ban
     Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer
     Space, and Under Water
O  Ozone Layer Protection
     Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
S  Ship Pollution
     International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships
     (MARPOL)
T  Tropical Timber
     International Tropical Timber Agreement
W  Wetlands
     Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As
     Waterfowl Habitat; note - also known as Ramsar
   Whaling
     International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
Note:  Not all of the selected international environmental agreements have
       abbreviations.
6 April 1994
@endnode
@node "appendixee" " APPENDIXE E "
Appendix E:  Selected International Environmental Agreements
Air Pollution
see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
-----
Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Nitrogen
Oxides Protocol)
-----
Air Pollution-Sulphur
see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Sulphur
Protocol)
-----
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Volatile
Organic Compounds Protocol)
-----
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
see Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
-----
Antarctic Treaty
date opened for signature - 1959
objective - to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes,
for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does
not become the scene or object of international discord
parties - (42) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,
India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United
Kingdom, United States, Uruguay
-----
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal
note - abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes
date opened for signature - 1989
objective - to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the
Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and
efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and
toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound
management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to
assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and
other wastes they generate
parties - (65) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia,
European Union, Finland, France, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico,
Monaco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland,
Syria, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, United
Kingdom, Uruguay
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Germany, Greece,
Guatemala, Haiti, Israel, Lebanon, New Zealand, Russia, Thailand,
Turkey, United States, Venezuela
-----
Biodiversity
see Convention on Biological Diversity
-----
Convention on Biological Diversity
note - abbreviated as Biodiversity
date opened for signature - 1992
objective - to develop national strategies for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity
parties - (53) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Australia, The
Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Brazil, Burkina, Canada, China,
Cook Islands, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, European Union,
Fiji, Germany, Guinea, Hungary, India, Japan, Jordan, Malawi, Maldives,
Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal,
New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sweden, Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria,
Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central
African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El
Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana,
Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland,
Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia,
Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia,
Malta, Mauritania, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,
Pakistan, Panama, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino,
Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon
Islands, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Switzerland, Syria,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine,
United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela,
Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe
-----
Climate Change
see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
-----
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High
note - abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation
date opened for signature - 1958
objective - to solve through international cooperation the problems
involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas,
considering that through the development of modern techniques some of
these resources are in danger of being over exploited
parties - (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina,
Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France,
Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra
Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand,
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States,
Venezuela, former Yugoslavia
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana,
Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, New
Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (Canada signed on behalf
of Taiwan), Tunisia, Uruguay
-----
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution
date opened for signature - 1979
objective - to protect the human environment against air pollution and
to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range
transboundary air pollution
parties - (38) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, European
Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, former
Yugoslavia
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention: Holy See, San Marino
-----
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Nitrogen Oxides
Protocol)
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides
date opened for signature - 1988
objective - to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides
and their transboundary fluxes
parties - (23) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Poland, Spain
-----
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Sulphur Protocol)
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur
date opened for signature - 1985; a second protocol to further reduce
sulfur dioxide emissions was completed in 1994
objective - to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or
transboundary fluxes by 1993
parties - (21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine
-----
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Volatile Organic
Compounds Protocol)
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
date opened for signature - 1991, but not yet in force
objective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of
Volatile Organic Compounds in order to reduce their transboundary
fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse
effects
parties - (8) Finland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European
Union, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Ukraine,
United Kingdom, United States
-----
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
note - abbreviated as Endangered Species
date opened for signature - 1973
objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation
by means of a system of import/export permits
parties - (104) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia,
Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United
Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam
-----
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and
Other Matter (London Convention)
note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping
date opened for signature - 1972
objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping, and to
encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention
parties - (70) Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium,
Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Union,
Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,
Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles,
Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,
United States, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia, Zaire
-----
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
Environmental Modification Techniques
note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification
date opened for signature - 1976
objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of
environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace
and trust among nations
parties - (62) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,
India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos,
Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway,
Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao
Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay,
Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Bolivia, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon,
Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria,
Turkey, Uganda, Zaire
-----
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As
Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
note - abbreviated as Wetlands
date opened for signature - 1971
objective - to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of
wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological
functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and
recreational value
parties - (65) Algeria, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria,
Burkina, Canada, Chad, Chile, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway,
Pakistan, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,
Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam,
former Yugoslavia, Zambia
-----
Endangered Species
see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
-----
Environmental Modification
see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use
of Environmental Modification Techniques
-----
Hazardous Wastes
see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
-----
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships
(MARPOL)
note - abbreviated as Ship Pollution
date opened for signature - 1973/78
objective - to preserve the marine environment by achieving the
complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances
and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances
parties - (83) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, The Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada,
China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon,
Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia,
Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands,
Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain,
Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu,
Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam,
former Yugoslavia
-----
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
note - abbreviated as Whaling
date opened for signature - 1946
objective - to protect all species of whales from overfishing and
safeguard for future generations the great natural resources
represented by whale stocks; to establish a system of international
regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and
development of whale stocks
parties - (39) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Belize,
Brazil,  Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France,
Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mauritius, Mexico,
Monaco, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Norway, Oman,
Peru, Philippines, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Senegal, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States
-----
International Tropical Timber Agreement
note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber
date opened for signature - 1983; a new agreement was opened for
signature in 1994, but is not yet in force
objective - to provide an effective framework for cooperation between
tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the
development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and
conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources
parties - (45) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Burma, Cameroon, Canada,
China, Colombia, Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France,
Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Portugal,
Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and
Tobago, United Kingdom, United States, Zaire
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
agreement:  Bolivia, Brazil, Cote d'Ivoire, European Union, Honduras,
Peru, Philippines
-----
Law of the Sea
see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
-----
Marine Dumping
see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes
and Other Matter (London Convention)
-----
Marine Life Conservation
see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the
High Seas
-----
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
note - abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection
date opened for signature - 1987
objective - to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures
to control emissions of substances that deplete it
parties - (136) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium,
Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,
Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile,
China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,
El Salvador, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Namibia,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain,
Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, The
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab
Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
protocol:  Congo, Morocco
-----
Nuclear Test Ban
see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer
Space, and Under Water
-----
Ozone Layer Protection
see Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
-----
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
date opened for signature - 1991, but not yet in force
objective - to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and
dependent and associated ecosystems
parties - (9) Argentina, Australia, Ecuador, France, Netherlands,
Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
protocol:  Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China,
Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece,
Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South
Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay
-----
Ship Pollution
see International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships
(MARPOL)
-----
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space,
and Under Water
note - abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban
date opened for signature - 1963
objective - to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament
under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of
the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate
incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons,
including nuclear weapons
parties - (112) Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh,
Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,
Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,
Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay,
Venezuela, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
treaty:  Algeria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali,
Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Vietnam
-----
Tropical Timber
see International Tropical Timber Agreement
-----
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
note - abbreviated as Law of the Sea
date opened for signature - 1982, but not yet in force
objective - to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and
oceans and, as far as environmental provisions are concerned, to
establish material rules concerning environmental standards as well as
enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment
parties - (60) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt,
Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,
Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Mali,
Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,
Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Paraguay, Philippines, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe,
Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad
and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,
Zimbabwe
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria,
Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Denmark,
Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, European
Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary,
India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Monaco,
Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine,
United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
-----
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
note - abbreviated as Climate Change
date opened for signature - 1992
objective-to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system
parties - (64) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina,
Canada, China, Cook Islands, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica,
Ecuador, European Union, Fiji, France, Germany, Guinea, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Maldives, Malta, Marshall
Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,
Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
Seychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,
Tuvulu, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Zambia, Zimbabwe
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the
convention:  Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burma,
Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,
Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus,
Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia,
Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-
Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran,  Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama,
Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon
Islands, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western
Samoa, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire
-----
Wetlands
see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As
Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
-----
Whaling
see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
@endnode
@node "appendixef" " APPENDIXE F "
Appendix F:  Weights and Measures
Mathematical Notation
Mathematical Power                             Name
10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000             one quintillion
10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000                 one quadrillion
10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000                     one trillion
10^9 or 1,000,000,000                          one billion
10^6 or 1,000,000                              one million
10^3 or 1,000                                  one thousand
10^2 or 100                                    one hundred
10^1 or 10                                     ten
10^0 or 1                                      one
10-^1 or 0.1                                   one-tenth
10-^2 or 0.01                                  one-hundredth
10-^3 or 0.001                                 one-thousandth
10-^6 or 0.000 001                             one-millionth
10-^9 or 0.000 000 001                         one-billionth
10-^12 or 0.000 000 000 001                    one-trillionth
10-^15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001                one-quadrillionth
10-^18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 00             one-quintillionth
Metric Interrelationships
Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters,
liters, or grams can be done using the table.  For example, to convert from
kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260
meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260
meters equals 9.26 kilometers).
Prefix      Symbol         Length, weight,
                           or capacity         Area         Volume
exa         E              10^18               10^36        10^54
peta        P              10^15               10^30        10^45
tera        T              10^12               10^24        10^36
giga        G              10^9                10^18        10^27
mega        M              10^6                10^12        10^18
hectokilo   hk             10^5                10^10        10^15
myria       ma             10^4                10^8         10^12
kilo        k              10^3                10^6         10^9
hecto       h              10^2                10^4         10^6
basic unit  -              1 meter,            1 meter^2    1 meter^3
                           1 gram,
                           1 liter
deci        d              10-^1               10-^2        10-^3
centi       c              10-^2               10-^4        10-^6
milli       m              10-^3               10-^6        10-^9
decimilli   dm             10-^4               10-^8        10-^12
centimilli  cm             10-^5               10-^10       10-^15
micro       u              10-^6               10-^12       10-^18
nano        n              10-^9               10-^18       10-^27
pico        p              10-^12              10-^24       10-^36
femto       f              10-^15              10-^30       10-^45
atto        a              10-^18              10-^36       10-^54
Equivalents
Units                  Metric Equivalent        US Equivalent
acre                   0.404 685 64 hectares    43,560 feet^2
acre                   4,046,856 4 meters^2     4,840 yards^2
acre                   0.004 046 856 4          0.001 562 5 miles^2,
                         kilometers^2             statute
are                    100 meters^2             119.599 yards^2
barrel
 (petroleum, US)       158.987 29 liters        42 gallons
 (proof spirits, US)   151.416 47 liters        40 gallons
 (beer, US)            117.347 77 liters        31 gallons
bushel                 35.239 07 liters         4 pecks
cable                  219.456 meters           120 fathoms
chain (surveyor's)     20.116 8 meters          66 feet
cord (wood)            3.624 556 meters^3       128 feet^3
cup                    0.236 588 2 liters       8 ounces, liquid (US)
degrees, Celsius       (water boils at 100      multiply by 1.8 and add 32
                        degrees C, freezes at   to obtain degrees F
                        0 degrees C)
degrees, Fahrenheit    subtract 32 and divide   water boils at 212 degrees
                        by 1.8 to obtain        F, freezes at 32 degrees F)
                        degrees C
dram, avdp.            1.771 845 2 grams        0.0625 5 ounces, avdp.
dram, troy             3.887 934 6 grams        0.125 ounces, troy
dram, liquid  (US)     3.696 69 milliliters     0.125 ounces, liquid
fathom                 1.828 8 meters           6 feet
foot                   30.48 centimeters        12 inches
foot                   0.304 8 meters           0.333 333 3 yards
foot                   0.000 304 8 kilometers   0.000 189 39 miles, statute
foot^2                 929.030 4 centimeters^2  144 inches^2
foot^2                 0.092 903 04 meters^2    0.111 111 1 yards^2
foot^3                 28.316 846 592 liters    7.480 519 gallons
foot^3                 0.028 316 847 meters^3   1,728 inches^3
furlong                201.168 meters           220 yards
gallon, liquid (US)    3.785 411 784 liters     4 quarts, liquid
gill (US)              118.294 118 milliliters  4 ounces, liquid
grain                  64.798 91 milligrams     0.002 285 71 ounces, advp.
gram                   1,000 milligrams         0.035 273 96 ounces, advp.
hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters        4 inches
hectare                10,000 meters^2          2.471 053 8 acres
hundredweight, long    50.802 345 kilograms     112 pounds, avdp.
hundredweight, short   45.359 237 kilograms     100 pounds, avdp.
inch                   2.54 centimeters         0.083 333 33 feet
inch^2                 6.451 6 centimeters^2    0.006 944 44 feet^2
inch^3                 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3
inch^3                 16.387 064 milliliters   0.029 761 6 pints, dry
inch^3                 16.387 064 milliliters   0.034 632 0 pints, liquid
kilogram               0.001 tons, metric       2.204 623 pounds, avdp.
kilometer              1,000 meters             0.621 371 19 miles, statute
kilometer^2            100 hectares             247.105 38 acres
kilometer^2            1,000,000 meters^2       0.386 102 16 miles^2,
                                                  statute
knot (1 nautical
  mi/hr)               1.852 kilometers/hour    1.151 statute miles/hour
league, nautical       5.559 552 kilometers     3 miles, nautical
league, statute        4.828.032 kilometers     3 miles, statute
link (surveyor's)      20.116 8 centimeters     7.92 inches
liter                  0.001 meters^3           61.023 74 inches^3
liter                  0.1 dekaliter            0.908 083 quarts, dry
liter                  1,000 milliliters        1.056 688 quarts, liquid
meter                  100 centimeters          1.093 613 yards
meter^2                10,000 centimeters^2     1.195 990 yards^2
meter^3                1,000 liters             1.307 951 yards^3
micron                 0.000 001 meter          0.000 039 4 inches
mil                    0.025 4 millimeters      0.001 inch
mile, nautical         1.852 kilometers         1.150 779 4 miles, statute
mile^2, nautical       3.429 904 kilometers^2   1.325 miles^2, statute
mile, statute          1.609 344 kilometers     5,280 feet or 8 furlongs
mile^2, statute        258.998 811 hectares     640 acres or 1 section
mile^2, statute        2.589 988 11
                         kilometers^2           0.755 miles^2, nautical
minim (US)             0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid
                                                  or one-sixtieth of a dram
ounce, avdp.           28.349 523 125 grams     437.5 grains
ounce, liquid (US)     29.573 53 milliliters    0.062 5 pints, liquid
ounce, troy            31.103 476 8 grams       480 grains
pace                   76.2 centimeters         30 inches
peck                   8.809 767 5 liters       8 quarts, dry
pennyweight            1.555 173 84 grams       24 grains
pint, dry (US)         0.550 610 47 liters      0.5 quarts, dry
pint, liquid (US)      0.473 176 473 liters     0.5 quarts, liquid
point (typographical)  0.351 459 8 millimeters  0.013 837 inches
pound, avdp            453.592 37 grams         16 ounces, avdp
pound, troy            373.241 721 6 grams      12 ounces, troy
quart, dry (US)        1.101 221 liters         2 pints, dry
quart, liquid (US)     0.946 352 946 liters     2 pints, liquid
quintal                100 kilograms            220.462 26 pounds, avdp.
rod                    5.029 2 meters           5.5 yards
scruple                1.295 978 2 grams        20 grains
section (US)           2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile^2, statute
                                                  or 640 acres
span                   22.86 centimeters        9 inches
stere                  1 meter^3                1.307 95 yards^3
tablespoon             14.786 76 milliliters    3 teaspoons
teaspoon               4.928 922 milliliters    0.333 333 tablespoons
ton, long or
  deadweight           1,016.046 909 kilograms  2,240 pounds, avdp.
ton, metric            1,000 kilograms          2,204.623 pounds, avdp.
ton, metric            1,000 kilograms          32,150.75 ounces, troy
ton, register          2.831 684 7 meters^3     100 feet^3
ton, short             907.184 74 kilograms     2,000 pounds, avdp.
township (US)          93.239 572 kilometers^2  36 miles^2, statute
yard                   0.914 4 meters           3 feet
yard^2                 0.836 127 36 meters^2    9 feet^2
yard^3                 0.764 554 86 meters^3    27 feet^3
yard^3                 764.554 857 984 liters   201.974 gallons
@endnode
@node "appendixeg" " APPENDIXE G "
Appendix G: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names
This list indicates where various names, including all United States
Foreign Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or
geographical portions of larger entities, can be found in The World Fact-
book. Spellings are not necessarily those approved by the United States
Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in
parentheses; additional information is included in brackets.
Name                                  Entry in The World Factbook
Abidjan [US Embassy]                  Cote d'Ivoire
Abu Dhabi [US Embassy]                United Arab Emirates
Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office]      Nigeria
Acapulco [US Consular Agency]         Mexico
Accra [US Embassy]                    Ghana
Adamstown                             Pitcairn Islands
Adana [US Consulate]                  Turkey
Addis Ababa [US Embassy]              Ethiopia
Adelie Land (Terre Adelie)            Antarctica
  [claimed by France]
Aden                                  Yemen
Aden, Gulf of                         Indian Ocean
Admiralty Islands                     Papua New Guinea
Adriatic Sea                          Atlantic Ocean
Aegean Islands                        Greece
Aegean Sea                            Atlantic Ocean
Afars and Issas, French Territory     Djibouti
  of the (F.T.A.I.)
Agalega Islands                       Mauritius
Agana                                 Guam
Aland Islands                         Finland
Alaska                                United States
Alaska, Gulf of                       Pacific Ocean
Aldabra Islands                       Seychelles
Alderney                              Guernsey
Aleutian Islands                      United States
Alexander Island                      Antarctica
Alexandria [US Consulate General      Egypt
  closed in September 1993]
Algiers [US Embassy]                  Algeria
Alhucemas, Penon de                   Spain
Alma-Ata (see Almaty)                 Kazakhstan
Almaty (Alma-Ata) [US Embassy]        Kazakhstan
Alofi                                 Niue
Alphonse Island                       Seychelles
Amami Strait                          Pacific Ocean
Amindivi Islands                      India
Amirante Isles                        Seychelles
Amman [US Embassy]                    Jordan
Amsterdam [US Consulate General]      Netherlands
Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam)      French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Amundsen Sea                          Pacific Ocean
Amur                                  China; Russia
Andaman Islands                       India
Andaman Sea                           Indian Ocean
Andorra la Vella                      Andorra
Anegada Passage                       Atlantic Ocean
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan                  Sudan
Anjouan                               Comoros
Ankara [US Embassy]                   Turkey
Annobon                               Equatorial Guinea
Antananarivo [US Embassy]             Madagascar
Antipodes Islands                     New Zealand
Antwerp [European Logistical          Belgium
  Support Office]
Aozou Strip                           Chad
Apia [US Embassy]                     Western Samoa
Aqaba, Gulf of                        Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea                           Indian Ocean
Arafura Sea                           Pacific Ocean
Argun                                 China; Russia
Ascension Island                      Saint Helena
Ashgabat [US Embassy]                 Turkmenistan
Ashkhabad (see Ashgabat)              Turkmenistan
Asmara [US Embassy]                   Eritrea
Asmera (see Asmara)                   Eritrea
Assumption Island                     Seychelles
Asuncion [US Embassy]                 Paraguay
Asuncion Island                       Northern Mariana Islands
Atacama                               Chile
Athens [US Embassy]                   Greece
Attu                                  United States
Auckland [US Consulate General]       New Zealand
Auckland Islands                      New Zealand
Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai)          French Polynesia
Avarua                                Cook Islands
Axel Heiberg Island                   Canada
Azores                                Portugal
Azov, Sea of                          Atlantic Ocean
Bab el Mandeb                         Indian Ocean
Babuyan Channel                       Pacific Ocean
Babuyan Islands                       Philippines
Baffin Bay                            Arctic Ocean
Baffin Island                         Canada
Baghdad [US Embassy temporarily       Iraq
  suspended; US Interests Section
  located in Poland's embassy in
  Baghdad]
Baku [US Embassy]                     Azerbaijan
Baky (Baku)                           Azerbaijan
Balabac Strait                        Pacific Ocean
Balearic Islands                      Spain
Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea)            Atlantic Ocean
Bali Sea                              Indian Ocean
Balintang Channel                     Pacific Ocean
Balintang Islands                     Philippines
Balleny Islands                       Antarctica
Balochistan                           Pakistan
Baltic Sea                            Atlantic Ocean
Bamako [US Embassy]                   Mali
Banaba (Ocean Island)                 Kiribati
Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy]      Brunei
Banda Sea                             Pacific Ocean
Bangkok [US Embassy]                  Thailand
Bangui [US Embassy]                   Central African Republic
Banjul [US Embassy]                   Gambia, The
Banks Island                          Canada
Banks Islands (Iles Banks)            Vanuatu
Barcelona [US Consulate General]      Spain
Barents Sea                           Arctic Ocean
Barranquilla [US Consulate]           Colombia
Bashi Channel                         Pacific Ocean
Basilan Strait                        Pacific Ocean
Bass Strait                           Pacific Ocean
Basse-Terre                           Guadeloupe
Basseterre                            Saint Kitts and Nevis
Batan Islands                         Philippines
Basutoland                            Lesotho
Bavaria (Bayern)                      Germany
Beagle Channel                        Atlantic Ocean
Bear Island (Bjornoya)                Svalbard
Beaufort Sea                          Arctic Ocean
Bechuanaland                          Botswana
Beijing [US Embassy]                  China
Beirut [US Embassy]                   Lebanon
Belau (see Palu)                      Pacific Islands,
                                         Trust Territory of the
Belem [US Consular Agency]            Brazil
Belep Islands (Iles Belep)            New Caledonia
Belfast [US Consulate General]        United Kingdom
Belgian Congo                         Zaire
Belgrade [US Embassy; US does not     Serbia and Montenegro
  maintain full diplomatic relations
  with Serbia and Montenegro]
Belize City [US Embassy]              Belize
Belle Isle, Strait of                 Atlantic Ocean
Bellingshausen Sea                    Pacific Ocean
Belmopan                              Belize
Belorussia                            Belarus
Bengal, Bay of                        Indian Ocean
Bering Sea                            Pacific Ocean
Bering Strait                         Pacific Ocean
Berkner Island                        Antarctica
Berlin [US Branch Office]             Germany
Berlin, East                          Germany
Berlin, West                          Germany
Bern [US Embassy]                     Switzerland
Bessarabia                            Romania; Moldova
Bijagos, Arquipelago dos              Guinea-Bissau
Bikini Atoll                          Marshall Islands
Bilbao [US Consulate]                 Spain
Bioko                                 Equatorial Guinea
Biscay, Bay of                        Atlantic Ocean
Bishkek [US Embassy]                  Kyrgyzstan
Bishop Rock                           United Kingdom
Bismarck Archipelago                  Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Sea                          Pacific Ocean
Bissau [US Embassy]                   Guinea-Bissau
Bjornoya (Bear Island)                Svalbard
Black Rock                            Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Black Sea                             Atlantic Ocean
Bloemfontein                          South Africa
Boa Vista                             Cape Verde
Bogota [US Embassy]                   Colombia
Bombay [US Consulate General]         India
Bonaire                               Netherlands Antilles
Bonifacio, Strait of                  Atlantic Ocean
Bonin Islands                         Japan
Bonn [US Embassy]                     Germany
Bophuthatswana                        South Africa
Bora-Bora                             French Polynesia
Bordeaux [US Consulate General]       France
Borneo                                Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
Bornholm                              Denmark
Bosporus                              Atlantic Ocean
Bothnia, Gulf of                      Atlantic Ocean
Bougainville Island                   Papua New Guinea
Bougainville Strait                   Pacific Ocean
Bounty Islands                        New Zealand
Brasilia [US Embassy]                 Brazil
Bratislava [US Embassy]               Slovakia
Brazzaville [US Embassy]              Congo
Bridgetown [US Embassy]               Barbados
Brisbane [US Consulate]               Australia
British East Africa                   Kenya
British Guiana                        Guyana
British Honduras                      Belize
British Solomon Islands               Solomon Islands
British Somaliland                    Somalia
Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission      Belgium
  to European Union, US Mission to
  the North Atlantic Treaty
  Organization (USNATO)]
Bucharest [US Embassy]                Romania
Budapest [US Embassy]                 Hungary
Buenos Aires [US Embassy]             Argentina
Bujumbura [US Embassy]                Burundi
Burnt Pine                            Norfolk Island
Byelorussia                           Belarus
Cabinda                               Angola
Cabot Strait                          Atlantic Ocean
Caicos Islands                        Turks and Caicos Islands
Cairo [US Embassy]                    Egypt
Calcutta [US Consulate General]       India
Calgary [US Consulate General]        Canada
California, Gulf of                   Pacific Ocean
Campbell Island                       New Zealand
Canal Zone                            Panama
Canary Islands                        Spain
Canberra [US Embassy]                 Australia
Canton (Guangzhou)                    China
Canton Island                         Kiribati
Cape Town [US Consulate General]      South Africa
Caracas [US Embassy]                  Venezuela
Cargados Carajos Shoals               Mauritius
Caroline Islands                      Micronesia, Federated States of;
                                        Pacific Islands, Trust Territory
                                        of the
Caribbean Sea                         Atlantic Ocean
Carpentaria, Gulf of                  Pacific Ocean
Casablanca [US Consulate General]     Morocco
Castries                              Saint Lucia
Cato Island                           Australia
Cayenne                               French Guiana
Cebu [US Consulate General]           Philippines
Celebes                               Indonesia
Celebes Sea                           Pacific Ocean
Celtic Sea                            Atlantic Ocean
Central African Empire                Central African Republic
Ceuta                                 Spain
Ceylon                                Sri Lanka
Chafarinas, Islas                     Spain
Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands)      British Indian Ocean Territory
Channel Islands                       Guernsey; Jersey
Charlotte Amalie                      Virgin Islands
Chatham Islands                       New Zealand
Cheju-do                              Korea, South
Cheju Strait                          Pacific Ocean
Chengdu [US Consulate General]        China
Chesterfield Islands                  New Caledonia
  (Iles Chesterfield)
Chiang Mai [US Consulate General]     Thailand
Chihli, Gulf of (see Bo Hai)          Pacific Ocean
China, People's Republic of           China
China, Republic of                    Taiwan
Chisinau [US Embassy]                 Moldova
Choiseul                              Solomon Islands
Christmas Island [Indian Ocean]       Australia
Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean]      Kiribati
  (Kiritimati)
Chukchi Sea                           Arctic Ocean
Ciskei                                South Africa
Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General]  Mexico
Coco, Isla del                        Costa Rica
Cocos Islands                         Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombo [US Embassy]                  Sri Lanka
Colon, Archipielago de                Ecuador
  (Galapagos Islands)
Commander Islands                     Russia
  (Komandorskiye Ostrova)
Conakry [US Embassy]                  Guinea
Congo (Brazzaville)                   Congo
Congo (Kinshasa)                      Zaire
Congo (Leopoldville)                  Zaire
Con Son Islands                       Vietnam
Cook Strait                           Pacific Ocean
Copenhagen [US Embassy]               Denmark
Coral Sea                             Pacific Ocean
Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz)         Nicaragua
Corsica                               France
Cosmoledo Group                       Seychelles
Cotonou [US Embassy]                  Benin
Crete                                 Greece
Crooked Island Passage                Atlantic Ocean
Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet)          French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Curacao [US Consulate General]        Netherlands Antilles
Czechoslovakia                        Czech Republic; Slovakia
Dahomey                               Benin
Daito Islands                         Japan
Dakar [US Embassy]                    Senegal
Daman (Damao)                         India
Damascus [US Embassy]                 Syria
Danger Atoll                          Cook Islands
Danish Straits                        Atlantic Ocean
Danzig (Gdansk)                       Poland
Dao Bach Long Vi                      Vietnam
Dardanelles                           Atlantic Ocean
Dar es Salaam [US Embassy]            Tanzania
Davis Strait                          Atlantic Ocean
Deception Island                      Antarctica
Denmark Strait                        Atlantic Ocean
D'Entrecasteaux Islands               Papua New Guinea
Devon Island                          Canada
Dhahran [US Consulate General]        Saudi Arabia
Dhaka [US Embassy]                    Bangladesh
Diego Garcia                          British Indian Ocean Territory
Diego Ramirez                         Chile
Diomede Islands                       Russia [Big Diomede]; United States
                                        [Little Diomede]
Diu                                   India
Djibouti [US Embassy]                 Djibouti
Dodecanese                            Greece
Dodoma                                Tanzania
Doha [US Embassy]                     Qatar
Douala [US Consulate closed in        Cameroon
  September 1993]
Douglas                               Man, Isle of
Dover, Strait of                      Atlantic Ocean
Drake Passage                         Atlantic Ocean
Dubai (see Dubayy)                    United Arab Emirates
Dubayy [US Consulate General]         United Arab Emirates
Dublin [US Embassy]                   Ireland
Durban [US Consulate General]         South Africa
Dushanbe [Embassy]                    Tajikistan
Dutch East Indies                     Indonesia
Dutch Guiana                          Suriname
East China Sea                        Pacific Ocean
Easter Island (Isla de Pascua)        Chile
Eastern Channel (East Korea Strait    Pacific Ocean
  or Tsushima Strait)
East Germany (German Democratic       Germany
  Republic)
East Korea Strait (Eastern Channel    Pacific Ocean
  or Tsushima Strait)
East Pakistan                         Bangladesh
East Siberian Sea                     Arctic Ocean
East Timor (Portuguese Timor)         Indonesia
Edinburgh [US Consulate General]      United Kingdom
Elba                                  Italy
Ellef Ringnes Island                  Canada
Ellesmere Island                      Canada
Ellice Islands                        Tuvalu
Elobey, Islas de                      Equatorial Guinea
Enderbury Island                      Kiribati
Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll)       Marshall Islands
England                               United Kingdom
English Channel                       Atlantic Ocean
Eniwetok Atoll                        Marshall Islands
Epirus, Northern                      Albania; Greece
Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela]      Guyana
Etorofu                               Russia [de facto]
Farquhar Group                        Seychelles
Fernando de Noronha                   Brazil
Fernando Po (Bioko)                   Equatorial Guinea
Finland, Gulf of                      Atlantic Ocean
Florence [US Consulate General]       Italy
Florida, Straits of                   Atlantic Ocean
Formosa                               Taiwan
Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait)        Pacific Ocean
Fortaleza [US Consular Agency]        Brazil
Fort-de-France [US Consulate General] Martinique
Frankfurt am Main [US                 Germany
  Consulate General]
Franz Josef Land                      Russia
Freetown [US Embassy]                 Sierra Leone
French Cameroon                       Cameroon
French Indochina                      Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
French Guinea                         Guinea
French Sudan                          Mali
French Territory of the Afars         Djibouti
  and Issas (F.T.A.I.)
French Togo                           Togo
Friendly Islands                      Tonga
Frunze (Bishkek)                      Kyrgyzstan
Fukuoka [US Consulate]                Japan
Funafuti                              Tuvalu
Fundy, Bay of                         Atlantic Ocean
Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands)        Wallis and Futuna
Gaborone [US Embassy]                 Botswana
Galapagos Islands (Archipielago       Ecuador
  de Colon)
Galleons Passage                      Atlantic Ocean
Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier)        French Polynesia
Gaspar Strait                         Pacific Ocean
Geneva [Branch Office of the          Switzerland
  US Embassy, US Mission to European
  Office of the UN and Other
  International Organizations]
Genoa [US Consulate General closed    Italy
  in June 1993]
George Town [US Consular Agency]      Cayman Islands
Georgetown [US Embassy]               Guyana
German Democratic Republic            Germany
  (East Germany)
German Federal Republic of            Germany
  (West Germany)
Gibraltar, Strait of                  Atlantic Ocean
Gilbert Islands                       Kiribati
Goa                                   India
Gold Coast                            Ghana
Golan Heights                         Syria
Good Hope, Cape of                    South Africa
Goteborg                              Sweden
Gotland                               Sweden
Gough Island                          Saint Helena
Grand Banks                           Atlantic Ocean
Grand Cayman                          Cayman Islands
Grand Turk [US Consular Agency]       Turks and Caicos Islands
Great Australian Bight                Indian Ocean
Great Belt (Store Baelt)              Atlantic Ocean
Great Britain                         United Kingdom
Great Channel                         Indian Ocean
Greater Sunda Islands                 Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
Green Islands                         Papua New Guinea
Greenland Sea                         Arctic Ocean
Grenadines, Northern                  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenadines, Southern                  Grenada
Grytviken                             Georgia
Guadalajara [US Consulate General]    Mexico
Guadalcanal                           Solomon Islands
Guadalupe, Isla de                    Mexico
Guangzhou [US Consulate General]      China
Guantanamo Bay [US Naval Base]        Cuba
Guatemala [US Embassy]                Guatemala
Gubal, Strait of                      Indian Ocean
Guinea, Gulf of                       Atlantic Ocean
Guayaquil [US Consulate General]      Ecuador
Ha'apai Group                         Tonga
Habomai Islands                       Russia [de facto]
Hague, The [US Embassy]               Netherlands
Hainan Dao                            China
Halifax [US Consulate General]        Canada
Halmahera                             Indonesia
Hamburg [US Consulate General]        Germany
Hamilton [US Consulate General]       Bermuda
Hanoi                                 Vietnam
Harare [US Embassy]                   Zimbabwe
Hatay                                 Turkey
Havana [US post not maintained;       Cuba
  representation by US Interests
  Section (USINT) of the Swiss
  Embassy]
Hawaii                                United States
Heard Island                          Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Helsinki [US Embassy]                 Finland
Hermosillo [US Consulate]             Mexico
Hispaniola                            Dominican Republic; Haiti
Hokkaido                              Japan
Hong Kong [US Consulate General]      Hong Kong
Honiara [US Consulate]                Solomon Islands
Honshu                                Japan
Hormuz, Strait of                     Indian Ocean
Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos)           Chile
Horne, Iles de                        Wallis and Futuna
Horn of Africa                        Ethiopia; Somalia
Hudson Bay                            Arctic Ocean
Hudson Strait                         Arctic Ocean
Inaccessible Island                   Saint Helena
Indochina                             Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol)           China
Ionian Islands                        Greece
Ionian Sea                            Atlantic Ocean
Irian Jaya                            Indonesia
Irish Sea                             Atlantic Ocean
Islamabad [US Embassy]                Pakistan
Islas Malvinas                        Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Istanbul [US Consulate General]       Turkey
Italian Somaliland                    Somalia
Ivory Coast                           Cote d'Ivoire
Iwo Jima                              Japan
Jakarta [US Embassy]                  Indonesia
Jamestown                             Saint Helena
Japan, Sea of                         Pacific Ocean
Java                                  Indonesia
Java Sea                              Pacific Ocean
Jeddah (see Jiddah)                   Saudi Arabia
Jerusalem [US Consulate General]      Israel; West Bank
Jiddah [US Consulate General]         Saudi Arabia
Johannesburg [US Consulate General]   South Africa
Juan de Fuca, Strait of               Pacific Ocean
Juan Fernandez, Isla de               Chile
Juventud, Isla de la (Isle of Youth)  Cuba
Kabul [US Embassy now closed]         Afghanistan
Kaduna [US Consulate General]         Nigeria
Kalimantan                            Indonesia
Kamchatka Peninsula                   Russia
  (Poluostrov Kamchatka)
Kampala [US Embassy]                  Uganda
Kampuchea                             Cambodia
Karachi [US Consulate General]        Pakistan
Kara Sea                              Arctic Ocean
Karimata Strait                       Pacific Ocean
Kathmandu [US Embassy]                Nepal
Kattegat                              Atlantic Ocean
Kauai Channel                         Pacific Ocean
Keeling Islands                       Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Kerguelen, Iles                       French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Kermadec Islands                      New Zealand
Khabarovsk                            Russia
Khartoum [US Embassy]                 Sudan
Khmer Republic                        Cambodia
Khuriya Muriya Islands (Kuria         Oman
  Muria Islands)
Khyber Pass                           Pakistan
Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal)        Atlantic Ocean
Kiev [US Embassy]                     Ukraine
Kigali [US Embassy closed             Rwanda
  indefinitely]
Kingston [US Embassy]                 Jamaica
Kingston                              Norfolk Island
Kingstown                             Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kinshasa [US Embassy]                 Zaire
Kirghiziya                            Kyrgyzstan
Kiritimati (Christmas Island)         Kiribati
Kishinev (Chisinau)                   Moldova
Kithira Strait                        Atlantic Ocean
Kodiak Island                         United States
Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluostrov)  Russia
Kolonia [US Embassy]                  Micronesia, Federated States of
Korea Bay                             Pacific Ocean
Korea, Democratic People's            Korea, North
  Republic of
Korea, Republic of                    Korea, South
Korea Strait                          Pacific Ocean
Koror [US Liaison Office]             Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of
Kosovo                                Serbia and Montenegro
Kowloon                               Hong Kong
Krakow [US Consulate General]         Poland
Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy]             Malaysia
Kunashiri (Kunashir)                  Russia [de facto]
Kuril Islands                         Russia [de facto]
Kuwait [US Embassy]                   Kuwait
Kwajalein Atoll                       Marshall Islands
Kyushu                                Japan
Kyyiv (Kiev)                          Ukraine
Labrador                              Canada
Laccadive Islands                     India
Laccadive Sea                         Indian Ocean
Lagos [US Embassy]                    Nigeria
Lahore [US Consulate General]         Pakistan
Lakshadweep                           India
La Paz [US Embassy]                   Bolivia
La Perouse Strait                     Pacific Ocean
Laptev Sea                            Arctic Ocean
Las Palmas [US Consular Agency]       Spain
Lau Group                             Fiji
Leipzig [US Consulate General]        Germany
Leningrad (see Saint Petersburg)      Russia
Lesser Sunda Islands                  Indonesia
Leyte                                 Philippines
Liancourt Rocks [claimed by Japan]    Korea, South
Libreville [US Embassy]               Gabon
Ligurian Sea                          Atlantic Ocean
Lilongwe [US Embassy]                 Malawi
Lima [US Embassy]                     Peru
Lincoln Sea                           Arctic Ocean
Line Islands                          Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll
Lisbon [US Embassy]                   Portugal
Ljubljana [US Embassy]                Slovenia
Lobamba                               Swaziland
Lombok Strait                         Indian Ocean
Lome [US Embassy]                     Togo
London [US Embassy]                   United Kingdom
Longyearbyen                          Svalbard
Lord Howe Island                      Australia
Louisiade Archipelago                 Papua New Guinea
Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute)        New Caledonia
Luanda [US Embassy]                   Angola
Lusaka [US Embassy]                   Zambia
Luxembourg [US Embassy]               Luxembourg
Luzon                                 Philippines
Luzon Strait                          Pacific Ocean
Macao                                 Macau
Macedonia                             The Former Yugoslav Republic
                                        of Macedonia
Macquarie Island                      Australia
Madeira Islands                       Portugal
Madras [US Consulate General]         India
Madrid [US Embassy]                   Spain
Magellan, Strait of                   Atlantic Ocean
Maghreb                               Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
                                        Tunisia
Mahe Island                           Seychelles
Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands)        Nicaragua
Majorca (Mallorca)                    Spain
Majuro [US Embassy]                   Marshall Islands
Makassar Strait                       Pacific Ocean
Malabo [US Embassy]                   Equatorial Guinea
Malacca, Strait of                    Indian Ocean
Malagasy Republic                     Madagascar
Male [US Consular Agency]             Maldives
Mallorca (Majorca)                    Spain
Malpelo, Isla de                      Colombia
Malta Channel                         Atlantic Ocean
Malvinas, Islas                       Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Mamoutzou                             Mayotte
Managua [US Embassy]                  Nicaragua
Manama [US Embassy]                   Bahrain
Manaus [US Consular Agency]           Brazil
Manchukuo                             China
Manchuria                             China
Manila [US Embassy]                   Philippines
Manipa Strait                         Pacific Ocean
Mannar, Gulf of                       Indian Ocean
Manua Islands                         American Samoa
Maputo [US Embassy]                   Mozambique
Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima)     Japan
Mariana Islands                       Guam; Northern Mariana Islands
Marion Island                         South Africa
Marmara, Sea of                       Atlantic Ocean
Marquesas Islands (Iles Marquises)    French Polynesia
Marseille [US Consulate General]      France
Martin Vaz, Ilhas                     Brazil
Mas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe         Chile
  Island)
Mascarene Islands                     Mauritius; Reunion
Maseru [US Embassy]                   Lesotho
Matamoros [US Consulate]              Mexico
Mata-Utu                              Wallis and Futuna
Mazatlan [US Consulate closed         Mexico
  May 1993]
Mbabane [US Embassy]                  Swaziland
McDonald Islands                      Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Medan [US Consulate]                  Indonesia
Mediterranean Sea                     Atlantic Ocean
Melbourne [US Consulate General]      Australia
Melilla                               Spain
Merida [US Consulate                  Mexico
Messina, Strait of                    Atlantic Ocean
Mexico [US Embassy]                   Mexico
Mexico, Gulf of                       Atlantic Ocean
Milan [US Consulate General]          Italy
Minami-tori-shima                     Japan
Mindanao                              Philippines
Mindoro Strait                        Pacific Ocean
Minicoy Island                        India
Minsk [US Embassy]                    Belarus
Mogadishu [US Liaison Office]         Somalia
Moldavia                              Moldova
Mombasa [US Consulate closed          Kenya
  May 1993]
Mona Passage                          Atlantic Ocean
Monrovia [US Embassy]                 Liberia
Montenegro                            Serbia and Montenegro
Monterrey [US Consulate General]      Mexico
Montevideo [US Embassy]               Uruguay
Montreal [US Consulate General, US    Canada
  Mission to the International Civil
  Aviation Organization (ICAO)]
Moravian Gate                         Czech Republic
Moroni [US Embassy]                   Comoros
Mortlock Islands                      Micronesia, Federated States of
Moscow [US Embassy]                   Russia
Mozambique Channel                    Indian Ocean
Munich [US Consulate General]         Germany
Musandam Peninsula                    Oman; United Arab Emirates
Muscat [US Embassy]                   Oman
Muscat and Oman                       Oman
Myanma, Myanmar                       Burma
Naha [US Consulate General]           Japan
Nairobi [US Embassy]                  Kenya
Nampo-shoto                           Japan
Naples [US Consulate General]         Italy
Nassau [US Embassy]                   Bahamas, The
Natuna Besar Islands                  Indonesia
N'Djamena [US Embassy]                Chad
Netherlands East Indies               Indonesia
Netherlands Guiana                    Suriname
Nevis                                 Saint Kitts and Nevis
New Delhi [US Embassy]                India
Newfoundland                          Canada
New Guinea                            Indonesia; Papua New Guinea
New Hebrides                          Vanuatu
New Siberian Islands                  Russia
New Territories                       Hong Kong
New York, New York [US Mission to     United States
  the United Nations (USUN)]
Niamey [US Embassy]                   Niger
Nicobar Islands                       India
Nicosia [US Embassy]                  Cyprus
Nightingale Island                    Saint Helena
North Atlantic Ocean                  Atlantic Ocean
North Channel                         Atlantic Ocean
Northeast Providence Channel          Atlantic Ocean
Northern Epirus                       Albania; Greece
Northern Grenadines                   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Northern Ireland                      United Kingdom
Northern Rhodesia                     Zambia
North Island                          New Zealand
North Korea                           Korea, North
North Pacific Ocean                   Pacific Ocean
North Sea                             Atlantic Ocean
North Vietnam                         Vietnam
Northwest Passages                    Arctic Ocean
North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic)     Yemen
Norwegian Sea                         Atlantic Ocean
Nouakchott [US Embassy]               Mauritania
Noumea                                New Caledonia
Novaya Zemlya                         Russia
Nuku'alofa                            Tonga
Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate]           Mexico
Nuuk (Godthab)                        Greenland
Nyasaland                             Malawi
Oahu                                  United States
Ocean Island (Banaba)                 Kiribati
Ocean Island (Kure Island)            United States
Ogaden                                Ethiopia; Somalia
Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago)      British Indian Ocean Territory
Okhotsk, Sea of                       Pacific Ocean
Okinawa                               Japan
Oman, Gulf of                         Indian Ocean
Ombai Strait                          Pacific Ocean
Oran [US Consulate]                   Algeria
Oranjestad                            Aruba
Oresund (The Sound)                   Atlantic Ocean
Orkney Islands                        United Kingdom
Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General]     Japan
Oslo [US Embassy]                     Norway
Otranto, Strait of                    Atlantic Ocean
Ottawa [US Embassy]                   Canada
Ouagadougou [US Embassy]              Burkina
Outer Mongolia                        Mongolia
Pagan                                 Northern Mariana Islands
Pago Pago                             American Samoa
Palau                                 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory
                                        of the
Palawan                               Philippines
Palermo [US Consulate General]        Italy
Palk Strait                           Indian Ocean
Pamirs                                China; Tajikistan
Panama [US Embassy]                   Panama
Panama Canal                          Panama
Panama, Gulf of                       Pacific Ocean
Papeete                               French Polynesia
Paramaribo [US Embassy]               Suriname
Parece Vela                           Japan
Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to the  France
  Organization for Economic
  Cooperation and Development (OECD),
  US Observer Mission at the UN
  Educational, Scientific, and
  Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]
Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island)       Chile
Passion, Ile de la                    Clipperton Island
Pashtunistan                          Afghanistan; Pakistan
Peking (Beijing)                      China
Pemba Island                          Tanzania
Pentland Firth                        Atlantic Ocean
Perim                                 Yemen
Perouse Strait, La                    Pacific Ocean
Persian Gulf                          Indian Ocean
Perth [US Consulate General]          Australia
Pescadores                            Taiwan
Peshawar [US Consulate]               Pakistan
Peter I Island                        Antarctica
Philip Island                         Norfolk Island
Philippine Sea                        Pacific Ocean
Phnom Penh [US Embassy]               Cambodia
Phoenix Islands                       Kiribati
Pines, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud)  Cuba
Pleasant Island                       Nauru
Plymouth                              Montserrat
Ponape (Pohnpei)                      Micronesia
Ponta Delgada [US Consulate]          Portugal
Port-au-Prince [US Embassy]           Haiti
Port Louis [US Embassy]               Mauritius
Port Moresby [US Embassy]             Papua New Guinea
Porto Alegre [US Consulate]           Brazil
Port-of-Spain [US Embassy]            Trinidad and Tobago
Porto-Novo                            Benin
Portuguese Guinea                     Guinea-Bissau
Portuguese Timor (East Timor)         Indonesia
Port-Vila                             Vanuatu
Poznan [US Consulate General]         Poland
Prague [US Embassy]                   Czech Republic
Praia [US Embassy]                    Cape Verde
Pretoria [US Embassy]                 South Africa
Pribilof Islands                      United States
Prince Edward Island                  Canada
Prince Edward Islands                 South Africa
Prince Patrick Island                 Canada
Principe                              Sao Tome and Principe
Pusan [US Consulate]                  Korea, South
P'yongyang                            Korea, North
Quebec [US Consulate General]         Canada
Queen Charlotte Islands               Canada
Queen Elizabeth Islands               Canada
Queen Maud Land [claimed by Norway]   Antarctica
Quito [US Embassy]                    Ecuador
Rabat [US Embassy]                    Morocco
Ralik Chain                           Marshall Islands
Rangoon [US Embassy]                  Burma
Ratak Chain                           Marshall Islands
Recife [US Consulate]                 Brazil
Redonda                               Antigua and Barbuda
Red Sea                               Indian Ocean
Revillagigedo Island                  United States
Revillagigedo Islands                 Mexico
Reykjavik [US Embassy]                Iceland
Rhodes                                Greece
Rhodesia                              Zimbabwe
Rhodesia, Northern                    Zambia
Rhodesia, Southern                    Zimbabwe
Riga [US Embassy]                     Latvia
Rio de Janeiro [US Consulate          Brazil
  General]
Rio de Oro                            Western Sahara
Rio Muni                              Equatorial Guinea
Riyadh [US Embassy]                   Saudi Arabia
Road Town                             British Virgin Islands
Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas           Chile
  a Tierra)
Rocas, Atol das                       Brazil
Rockall [disputed]                    United Kingdom
Rodrigues                             Mauritius
Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to the   Italy
  UN Agencies for Food and
  Agriculture (FODAG)]
Roncador Cay                          Colombia
Roosevelt Island                      Antarctica
Roseau                                Dominica
Ross Dependency [claimed by           Antarctica
  New Zealand]
Ross Island                           Antarctica
Ross Sea                              Antarctica
Rota                                  Northern Mariana Islands
Rotuma                                Fiji
Ryukyu Islands                        Japan
Saba                                  Netherlands Antilles
Sabah                                 Malaysia
Sable Island                          Canada
Sahel                                 Burkina, Cape Verde, Chad,
                                        The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali,
                                        Mauritania, Niger, Senegal
Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)             Vietnam
Saint Brandon                         Mauritius
Saint Christopher and Nevis           Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint-Denis                           Reunion
Saint George's [US Embassy]           Grenada
Saint George's Channel                Atlantic Ocean
Saint Helier                          Jersey
Saint John's [US Embassy]             Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of               Atlantic Ocean
Saint Lawrence Island                 United States
Saint Lawrence Seaway                 Atlantic Ocean
Saint Martin                          Guadeloupe
Saint Martin (Sint Maarten)           Netherlands Antilles
Saint Paul Island                     Canada
Saint Paul Island                     United States
Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul)    French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks      Brazil
  (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo)
Saint Peter Port                      Guernsey
Saint Petersburg [US Consulate]       Russia
Saint-Pierre                          Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Vincent Passage                 Atlantic Ocean
Saipan                                Northern Mariana Islands
Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin)     Russia
Sala y Gomez, Isla                    Chile
Salisbury (Harare)                    Zimbabwe
Salvador de Bahia [US Consular        Brazil
  Agency]
Salzburg [US Consulate General]       Austria
Sanaa [US Embassy]                    Yemen
San Ambrosio                          Chile
San Andres y Providencia,             Colombia
  Archipielago
San Bernardino Strait                 Pacific Ocean
San Felix, Isla                       Chile
San Jose [US Embassy]                 Costa Rica
San Juan                              Puerto Rico
San Luis Potosi [US Consular Agency]  Mexico
San Marino                            San Marino
San Salvador [US Embassy]             El Salvador
Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency]       Bolivia
Santa Cruz Islands                    Solomon Islands
Santiago [US Embassy]                 Chile
Santo Domingo [US Embassy]            Dominican Republic
Sao Paulo [US Consulate General]      Brazil
Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de     Brazil
Sao Tome                              Sao Tome and Principe
Sapporo [US Consulate General]        Japan
Sapudi Strait                         Pacific Ocean
Sarajevo [US Embassy]                 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarawak                               Malaysia
Sardinia                              Italy
Sargasso Sea                          Atlantic Ocean
Sark                                  Guernsey
Scotia Sea                            Atlantic Ocean
Scotland                              United Kingdom
Scott Island                          Antarctica
Senyavin Islands                      Micronesia, Federated States of
Seoul [US Embassy]                    Korea, South
Serbia                                Serbia and Montenegro
Serrana Bank                          Colombia
Serranilla Bank                       Colombia
Settlement, The                       Christmas Island
Severnaya Zemlya (Northland)          Russia
Shag Island                           Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Shag Rocks                            Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Shanghai [US Consulate General]       China
Shenyang [US Consulate General]       China
Shetland Islands                      United Kingdom
Shikoku                               Japan
Shikotan (Shikotan-to)                Japan
Siam                                  Thailand
Sibutu Passage                        Pacific Ocean
Sicily                                Italy
Sicily, Strait of                     Atlantic Ocean
Sikkim                                India
Sinai                                 Egypt
Singapore [US Embassy]                Singapore
Singapore Strait                      Pacific Ocean
Sinkiang (Xinjiang)                   China
Sint Eustatius                        Netherlands Antilles
Sint Maarten (Saint Martin)           Netherlands Antilles
Skagerrak                             Atlantic Ocean
Skopje                                The Former Yugoslav Republic of
                                        Macedonia
Society Islands (Iles de la Societe)  French Polynesia
Socotra                               Yemen
Sofia [US Embassy]                    Bulgaria
Solomon Islands, northern             Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands, southern             Solomon Islands
Solomon Sea                           Pacific Ocean
Songkhla [US Consulate]               Thailand
Sound, The (Oresund)                  Atlantic Ocean
South Atlantic Ocean                  Atlantic Ocean
South China Sea                       Pacific Ocean
Southern Grenadines                   Grenada
Southern Rhodesia                     Zimbabwe
South Georgia                         South Georgia and the South Sandwich
                                        Islands
South Island                          New Zealand
South Korea                           Korea, South
South Orkney Islands                  Antarctica
South Pacific Ocean                   Pacific Ocean
South Sandwich Islands                South Georgia and the South Sandwich
                                        Islands
South Shetland Islands                Antarctica
South Tyrol                           Italy
South Vietnam                         Vietnam
South-West Africa                     Namibia
South Yemen (People's Democratic      Yemen
  Republic of Yemen)
Soviet Union                          Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
                                        Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
                                        Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
                                        Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
                                        Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Spanish Guinea                        Equatorial Guinea
Spanish Sahara                        Western Sahara
Spitsbergen                           Svalbard
Stanley                               Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Stockholm [US Embassy]                Sweden
Strasbourg [US Consulate General]     France
Stuttgart [US Consulate General]      Germany
Suez, Gulf of                         Indian Ocean
Sulu Archipelago                      Philippines
Sulu Sea                              Pacific Ocean
Sumatra                               Indonesia
Sumba                                 Indonesia
Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles)          Indonesia; Malaysia
Sunda Strait                          Indian Ocean
Surabaya [US Consulate]               Indonesia
Surigao Strait                        Pacific Ocean
Surinam                               Suriname
Suva [US Embassy]                     Fiji
Swains Island                         American Samoa
Swan Islands                          Honduras
Sydney [US Consulate General]         Australia
Tahiti                                French Polynesia
Taipei                                Taiwan
Taiwan Strait                         Pacific Ocean
Tallinn [US Embassy]                  Estonia
Tanganyika                            Tanzania
Tangier                               Morocco
Tarawa                                Kiribati
Tartar Strait                         Pacific Ocean
Tashkent [US Embassy]                 Uzbekistan
Tasmania                              Australia
Tasman Sea                            Pacific Ocean
Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyra) Russia
T'bilisi [US Embassy]                 Georgia
Tegucigalpa [US Embassy]              Honduras
Tehran [US post not maintained;       Iran
  representation by Swiss Embassy]
Tel Aviv [US Embassy]                 Israel
Terre Adelie (Adelie Land)            Antarctica
  [claimed by France]
Thailand, Gulf of                     Pacific Ocean
Thessaloniki [US Consulate General]   Greece
Thimphu                               Bhutan
Thurston Island                       Antarctica
Tibet (Xizang)                        China
Tibilisi (see T'bilisi)               Georgia
Tierra del Fuego                      Argentina; Chile
Tijuana [US Consulate General]        Mexico
Timor                                 Indonesia
Timor Sea                             Pacific Ocean
Tinian                                Northern Mariana Islands
Tiran, Strait of                      Indian Ocean
Tirane [US Embassy]                   Albania
Tobago                                Trinidad and Tobago
Tokyo [US Embassy]                    Japan
Tonkin, Gulf of                       Pacific Ocean
Toronto [US Consulate General]        Canada
Torres Strait                         Pacific Ocean
Torshavn                              Faroe Islands
Toshkent (Tashkent)                   Uzbekistan
Transjordan                           Jordan
Transkei                              South Africa
Transylvania                          Romania
Trindade, Ilha de                     Brazil
Tripoli [US post not maintained;      Libya
  representation by Belgian Embassy]
Tristan da Cunha Group                Saint Helena
Trobriand Islands                     Papua New Guinea
Trucial States                        United Arab Emirates
Truk Islands                          Micronesia
Tsugaru Strait                        Pacific Ocean
Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu)        French Polynesia
Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai)          French Polynesia
Tunis [US Embassy]                    Tunisia
Turin                                 Italy
Turkish Straits                       Atlantic Ocean
Turkmeniya                            Turkmenistan
Turks Island Passage                  Atlantic Ocean
Tyrol, South                          Italy
Tyrrhenian Sea                        Atlantic Ocean
Udorn (Udon Thani) [US Consulate]     Thailand
Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy]              Mongolia
Ullung-do                             Korea, South
Unimak Pass [strait]                  Pacific Ocean
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics   Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
                                        Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
                                        Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
                                        Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
                                        Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
United Arab Republic                  Egypt; Syria
Upper Volta                           Burkina
USSR                                  Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
                                        Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
                                        Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,
                                        Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan,
                                        Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Vaduz [US post not maintained;        Liechtenstein
  representation from Zurich,
  Switzerland]
Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)              Afghanistan
Valletta [US Embassy]                 Malta
Valley, The                           Anguilla
Vancouver [US Consulate General]      Canada
Vancouver Island                      Canada
Van Diemen Strait                     Pacific Ocean
Vatican City [US Embassy]             Holy See
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de          Spain
Venda                                 South Africa
Verde Island Passage                  Pacific Ocean
Victoria                              Hong Kong
Victoria [US Embassy]                 Seychelles
Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to     Austria
  International Organizations in
  Vienna (UNVIE)]
Vientiane [US Embassy]                Laos
Vilnius [US Embassy]                  Lithuania
Vladivostok [US Consulate]            Russia
Volcano Islands                       Japan
Vostok Island                         Kiribati
Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island)    Russia
Wakhan Corridor (now Vakhan)          Afghanistan
Wales                                 United Kingdom
Walvis Bay                            Namibia
Warsaw [US Embassy]                   Poland
Washington, DC [The Permanent Mission United States
  of the US to the Organization of
  American States (OAS)]
Weddell Sea                           Atlantic Ocean
Wellington [US Embassy]               New Zealand
Western Channel (West Korea Strait)   Pacific Ocean
West Germany (Federal Republic of     Germany
  Germany)
West Island                           Cocos (Keeling) Islands
West Korea Strait (Western Channel)   Pacific Ocean
West Pakistan                         Pakistan
Wetar Strait                          Pacific Ocean
White Sea                             Arctic Ocean
Willemstad                            Netherlands Antilles
Windhoek [US Embassy]                 Namibia
Windward Passage                      Atlantic Ocean
Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya)     Russia [de facto]
Yamoussoukro                          Cote d'Ivoire
Yaounde [US Embassy]                  Cameroon
Yap Islands                           Micronesia
Yaren                                 Nauru
Yellow Sea                            Pacific Ocean
Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic     Yemen
  Republic of Yemen]
Yemen Arab Republic                   Yemen
Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic]    Yemen
Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic]   Yemen
Yemen, People's Democratic            Yemen
  Republic of
Yemen, South [People's Democratic     Yemen
  Republic of Yemen]
Yerevan [US Embassy]                  Armenia
Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud)  Cuba
Yucatan Channel                       Atlantic Ocean
Yugoslavia                            Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
                                        Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia,
                                        The Former Yugoslav Republic of
                                        Macedonia
Zagreb [US Embassy]                   Croatia
Zanzibar                              Tanzania
Zurich [US Consulate General]         Switzerland
@endnode
@node "Abbreviations" "  ABBREVIATIONS "
 Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for abbreviations for international
 organizations and groups and Appendix D for abbreviations for
 international environmental agreements)
avdp. -- avoirdupois
c.i.f. -- cost, insurance, and freight
CY -- calendar year
DWT -- deadweight ton
est. -- estimate
Ex-Im -- Export-Import Bank of the United States
f.o.b. -- free on board
FRG -- Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information
       dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91
FSU -- former Soviet Union
FY -- fiscal year
FYROM -- The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
GDP -- gross domestic product
GDR -- German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information
       dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91
GNP -- gross national product
GRT -- gross register ton
GWP -- gross world product
km -- kilometer
kW -- kilowatt
kWh -- kilowatt hour
m -- meter
NA -- not available
NEGL -- negligible
nm -- nautical mile
NZ -- New Zealand
ODA -- official development assistance
OOF -- other official flows
PDRY -- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden)
        or South Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990
        or CY91
sq km -- square kilometer
sq mi -- square mile
UAE -- United Arab Emirates
UK -- United Kingdom
US -- United States
USSR -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for
        information dated before 25 December 1991
YAR -- Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for
       information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91
@endnode
@node "changes" " CHANGES IN THIS EDITION "
There have been some significant changes in this edition. The format and
content of the former entries on the Environment have been changed, and two
new appendixes have been added
Appendix D: Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental
Agreements and Appendix E:Selected International Environmental Agreements.
The name of Macedonia was changed to The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia (FYROM). The gross domestic product (GDP) of most of the
developing countries is now presented on a purchasing power parity (PPP)
basis rather than on an exchange rate basis. The electronic files used to
produce the Factbook have been restructured into a database.As a result,
the formats of some entries in this edition have been changed.  Additional
changes will occur in the 1995 Factbook.
@endnode
@node "maplist" " REFERENCE MAPS "
  Reference Maps
  @{" Display Map of The World     " SYSTEM "c:fastview maps/Worldmap.iff" 0}
  @{" Display Map of North America " SYSTEM "c:fastview maps/N_America.iff" 0}
  @{" Display Map of Central America and the Caribbean " SYSTEM "c:fastview maps/central_america.iff" 0}
  @{" Display Map of South America " SYSTEM "c:fastview maps/S_America.iff" 0}
  @{" Display Map of Europe        " SYSTEM "c:fastview maps/Europe.iff" 0}
  Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe
  Middle East
  @{" Display Map of Africa        " SYSTEM "c:fastview maps/Africa.iff" 0}
  @{" Display Map of Asia          " SYSTEM "c:fastview maps/Asia.iff" 0}
  Commonwealth of Independent States--European States
  Commonwealth of Independent States--Central Asian States
  Southeast Asia
  Oceania
  Arctic Region
  Antarctic Region
  Standard Time Zones of the World
@endnode
@node "world" " Click on Retrace to Read About Another Country "
                   @{" COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD A to Z " 0}
           @{" A " 0}
           @{" Afghanistan                                      " LINK "text/world94.afganistan/main" 0}
           @{" Albania                                          " LINK "text/world94.albania/main" 0}
           @{" Algeria                                          " LINK "text/world94.algeria/main" 0}
           @{" American Samoa                                   " LINK "text/world94.american-samoa/main" 0}
           @{" Andorra                                          " LINK "text/world94.andorra/main" 0}
           @{" Angola                                           " LINK "text/world94.angola/main" 0}
           @{" Anguilla                                         " LINK "text/world94.anguilla/main" 0}
           @{" Antarctica                                       " LINK "text/world94.antarctica/main" 0}
           @{" Antigua and Barbuda                              " LINK "text/world94.antigua-barbuda/main" 0}
           @{" Arctic Ocean                                     " LINK "text/world94.arctic-ocean/main" 0}
           @{" Argentina                                        " LINK "text/world94.argentina/main" 0}
           @{" Armenia                                          " LINK "text/world94.armenia/main" 0}
           @{" Aruba                                            " LINK "text/world94.aruba/main" 0}
           @{" Ashmore and Cartier Islands                      " LINK "text/world94.ashmore&cartier/main" 0}
           @{" Atlantic Ocean                                   " LINK "text/world94.atlantic-ocean/main" 0}
           @{" Australia                                        " LINK "text/world94.australia/main" 0}
           @{" Austria                                          " LINK "text/world94.austria/main" 0}
           @{" Azerbaijan                                       " LINK "text/world94.azerbaijan/main" 0}
           @{" B " 0}
           @{" Bahamas, The                                     " LINK "text/world94.bahamas/main" 0}
           @{" Bahrain                                          " LINK "text/world94.bahrain/main" 0}
           @{" Baker Island                                     " LINK "text/world94.baker-island/main" 0}
           @{" Bangladesh                                       " LINK "text/world94.bangladesh/main" 0}
           @{" Barbados                                         " LINK "text/world94.barbados/main" 0}
           @{" Bassas da India                                  " LINK "text/world94.bassas-da-india/main" 0}
           @{" Belarus                                          " LINK "text/world94.belarus/main" 0}
           @{" Belgium                                          " LINK "text/world94.belgium/main" 0}
           @{" Belize                                           " LINK "text/world94.belize/main" 0}
           @{" Benin                                            " LINK "text/world94.benin/main" 0}
           @{" Bermuda                                          " LINK "text/world94.bermuda/main" 0}
           @{" Bhutan                                           " LINK "text/world94.bhutan/main" 0}
           @{" Bolivia                                          " LINK "text/world94.bolivia/main" 0}
           @{" Bosnia and Herzegovina                           " LINK "text/world94.bosnia-herzagovina/main" 0}
           @{" Botswana                                         " LINK "text/world94.botswana/main" 0}
           @{" Bouvet Island                                    " LINK "text/world94.bouvet-island/main" 0}
           @{" Brazil                                           " LINK "text/world94.brazil/main" 0}
           @{" British Indian Ocean Territory                   " LINK "text/world94.british-virgin-islands/main" 0}
           @{" British Virgin Islands                           " LINK "text/world94.BritishIndOcTerrit/main" 0}
           @{" Brunei                                           " LINK "text/world94.brunei/main" 0}
           @{" Bulgaria                                         " LINK "text/world94.bulgaria/main" 0}
           @{" Burkina                                          " LINK "text/world94.burkina/main" 0}
           @{" Burma                                            " LINK "text/world94.burma/main" 0}
           @{" Burundi                                          " LINK "text/world94.burundi/main" 0}

           @{" C " 0}

           @{" Cambodia                                         " LINK "text/world94.cambodia/main" 0}
           @{" Cameroon                                         " LINK "text/world94.cameroon/main" 0}
           @{" Canada                                           " LINK "text/world94.canada/main" 0}
           @{" Cape Verde                                       " LINK "text/world94.cape-verde/main" 0}
           @{" Cayman Islands                                   " LINK "text/world94.cayman-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Central African Republic                         " LINK "text/world94.Cent.African-repub/main" 0}
           @{" Chad                                             " LINK "text/world94.chad/main" 0}
           @{" Chile                                            " LINK "text/world94.chile/main" 0}
           @{" China (also see separate Taiwan entry)           " LINK "text/world94.china/main" 0}
           @{" Christmas Island                                 " LINK "text/world94.christmas-island/main" 0}
           @{" Clipperton Island                                " LINK "text/world94.clipperton-island/main" 0}
           @{" Cocos (Keeling) Islands                          " LINK "text/world94.cocos-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Colombia                                         " LINK "text/world94.columbia/main" 0}
           @{" Comoros                                          " LINK "text/world94.comoros/main" 0}
           @{" Congo                                            " LINK "text/world94.congo/main" 0}
           @{" Cook Islands                                     " LINK "text/world94.cook-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Coral Sea Islands                                " LINK "text/world94.coral-sea-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Costa Rica                                       " LINK "text/world94.costa-rica/main" 0}
           @{" Cote d'Ivoire                                    " LINK "text/world94.cote-d'ivoire/main" 0}
           @{" Croatia                                          " LINK "text/world94.croatia/main" 0}
           @{" Cuba                                             " LINK "text/world94.cuba/main" 0}
           @{" Cyprus                                           " LINK "text/world94.cyprus/main" 0}
           @{" Czech Republic                                   " LINK "text/world94.czech-republic/main" 0}

           @{" D " 0}

           @{" Denmark                                          " LINK "text/world94.denmark/main" 0}
           @{" Djibouti                                         " LINK "text/world94.djibouti/main" 0}
           @{" Dominica                                         " LINK "text/world94.dominica/main" 0}
           @{" Dominican Republic                               " LINK "text/world94.dominican-republic/main" 0}

           @{" E " 0}

           @{" Ecuador                                          " LINK "text/world94.ecuador/main" 0}
           @{" Egypt                                            " LINK "text/world94.egypt/main" 0}
           @{" El Salvador                                      " LINK "text/world94.el-salvadore/main" 0}
           @{" Equatorial Guinea                                " LINK "text/world94.equatorial-guinea/main" 0}
           @{" Eritrea                                          " LINK "text/world94.eritrea/main" 0}
           @{" Estonia                                          " LINK "text/world94.estonia/main" 0}
           @{" Ethiopia                                         " LINK "text/world94.ethiopa/main" 0}
           @{" Europa Island                                    " LINK "text/world94.europa-island/main" 0}

           @{" F " 0}

           @{" Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)                " LINK "text/world94.falkland-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Faroe Islands                                    " LINK "text/world94.faroe-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Fiji                                             " LINK "text/world94.fiji/main" 0}
           @{" Finland                                          " LINK "text/world94.finland/main" 0}
           @{" France                                           " LINK "text/world94.france/main" 0}
           @{" French Guiana                                    " LINK "text/world94.french-Guiana/main" 0}
           @{" French Polynesia                                 " LINK "text/world94.french-Polynesia/main" 0}
           @{" French Southern and Antarctic Lands              " LINK "text/world94.french-antarctic/main" 0}

           @{" G " 0}

           @{" Gabon                                            " LINK "text/world94.gabon/main" 0}
           @{" Gambia, The                                      " LINK "text/world94.gambia/main" 0}
           @{" Gaza Strip                                       " LINK "text/world94.gaza-strip/main" 0}
           @{" Georgia                                          " LINK "text/world94.georgia/main" 0}
           @{" Germany                                          " LINK "text/world94.germany/main" 0}
           @{" Ghana                                            " LINK "text/world94.ghana/main" 0}
           @{" Gibraltar                                        " LINK "text/world94.gibralter/main" 0}
           @{" Glorioso Islands                                 " LINK "text/world94.glorioso-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Greece                                           " LINK "text/world94.greece/main" 0}
           @{" Greenland                                        " LINK "text/world94.greenland/main" 0}
           @{" Grenada                                          " LINK "text/world94.grenada/main" 0}
           @{" Guadeloupe                                       " LINK "text/world94.guadaloupe/main" 0}
           @{" Guam                                             " LINK "text/world94.guam/main" 0}
           @{" Guatemala                                        " LINK "text/world94.guatemala/main" 0}
           @{" Guernsey                                         " LINK "text/world94.guernsey/main" 0}
           @{" Guinea                                           " LINK "text/world94.guinea/main" 0}
           @{" Guinea-Bissau                                    " LINK "text/world94.guinea-bissau/main" 0}
           @{" Guyana                                           " LINK "text/world94.guyana/main" 0}

           @{" H " 0}

           @{" Haiti                                            " LINK "text/world94.haiti/main" 0}
           @{" Heard Island and McDonald Islands                " LINK "text/world94.heard&mcdonaldislands/main" 0}
           @{" Holy See (Vatican City)                          " LINK "text/world94.vatican/main" 0}
           @{" Honduras                                         " LINK "text/world94.honduras/main" 0}
           @{" Hong Kong                                        " LINK "text/world94.hong-kong/main" 0}
           @{" Howland Island                                   " LINK "text/world94.howland-island/main" 0}
           @{" Hungary                                          " LINK "text/world94.hungary/main" 0}

           @{" I " 0}

           @{" Iceland                                          " LINK "text/world94.iceland/main" 0}
           @{" India                                            " LINK "text/world94.india/main" 0}
           @{" Indian Ocean                                     " LINK "text/world94.indian-ocean/main" 0}
           @{" Indonesia                                        " LINK "text/world94.indonesia/main" 0}
           @{" Iran                                             " LINK "text/world94.iran/main" 0}
           @{" Iraq                                             " LINK "text/world94.iraq/main" 0}
           @{" Ireland                                          " LINK "text/world94.ireland/main" 0}
           @{" Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West    " LINK "text/world94.israel/main" 0}
           @{" Italy                                            " LINK "text/world94.italy/main" 0}

           @{" J " 0}

           @{" Jamaica                                          " LINK "text/world94.jamaica/main" 0}
           @{" Jan Mayen                                        " LINK "text/world94.jan-mayen/main" 0}
           @{" Japan                                            " LINK "text/world94.japan/main" 0}
           @{" Jarvis Island                                    " LINK "text/world94.jarvis-island/main" 0}
           @{" Jersey                                           " LINK "text/world94.jersey/main" 0}
           @{" Johnston Atoll                                   " LINK "text/world94.johnston-atoll/main" 0}
           @{" Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry)       " LINK "text/world94.jordan/main" 0}
           @{" Juan de Nova Island                              " LINK "text/world94.juan-de-nova-island/main" 0}

           @{" K " 0}

           @{" Kazakhstan                                       " LINK "text/world94.kazakhstan/main" 0}
           @{" Kenya                                            " LINK "text/world94.kenya/main" 0}
           @{" Kingman Reef                                     " LINK "text/world94.kingman-reef/main" 0}
           @{" Kiribati                                         " LINK "text/world94.kiribati/main" 0}
           @{" Korea, North                                     " LINK "text/world94.korea-north/main" 0}
           @{" Korea, South                                     " LINK "text/world94.korea-south/main" 0}
           @{" Kuwait                                           " LINK "text/world94.kuwait/main" 0}
           @{" Kyrgyzstan                                       " LINK "text/world94.kyrgystan/main" 0}

           @{" L " 0}

           @{" Laos                                             " LINK "text/world94.laos/main" 0}
           @{" Latvia                                           " LINK "text/world94.latvia/main" 0}
           @{" Lebanon                                          " LINK "text/world94.lebanon/main" 0}
           @{" Lesotho                                          " LINK "text/world94.lesotho/main" 0}
           @{" Liberia                                          " LINK "text/world94.liberia/main" 0}
           @{" Libya                                            " LINK "text/world94.libya/main" 0}
           @{" Liechtenstein                                    " LINK "text/world94.liechtenstein/main" 0}
           @{" Lithuania                                        " LINK "text/world94.lithuania/main" 0}
           @{" Luxembourg                                       " LINK "text/world94.luxembourg/main" 0}

           @{" M " 0}

           @{" Macau                                            " LINK "text/world94.macau/main" 0}
           @{" Macedonia entry follows Thailand " 0}
           @{" Madagascar                                       " LINK "text/world94.madagascar/main" 0}
           @{" Malawi                                           " LINK "text/world94.malawi/main" 0}
           @{" Malaysia                                         " LINK "text/world94.malaysia/main" 0}
           @{" Maldives                                         " LINK "text/world94.maldives/main" 0}
           @{" Mali                                             " LINK "text/world94.mali/main" 0}
           @{" Malta                                            " LINK "text/world94.malta/main" 0}
           @{" Man, Isle of                                     " LINK "text/world94.man-isle-of/main" 0}
           @{" Marshall Islands                                 " LINK "text/world94.marshall-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Martinique                                       " LINK "text/world94.martinique/main" 0}
           @{" Mauritania                                       " LINK "text/world94.mauritania/main" 0}
           @{" Mauritius                                        " LINK "text/world94.mauritius/main" 0}
           @{" Mayotte                                          " LINK "text/world94.mayotte/main" 0}
           @{" Mexico                                           " LINK "text/world94.mexico/main" 0}
           @{" Micronesia, Federated States of                  " LINK "text/world94.micronesia/main" 0}
           @{" Midway Islands                                   " LINK "text/world94.midway-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Moldova                                          " LINK "text/world94.moldova/main" 0}
           @{" Monaco                                           " LINK "text/world94.monaco/main" 0}
           @{" Mongolia                                         " LINK "text/world94.mongolia/main" 0}
           @{" Montserrat                                       " LINK "text/world94.montserrat/main" 0}
           @{" Morocco                                          " LINK "text/world94.morocco/main" 0}
           @{" Mozambique                                       " LINK "text/world94.mozambique/main" 0}

           @{" N " 0}

           @{" Namibia                                          " LINK "text/world94.Namibia/main" 0}
           @{" Nauru                                            " LINK "text/world94.Nauru/main" 0}
           @{" Navassa Island                                   " LINK "text/world94.Navassa-Island/main" 0}
           @{" Nepal                                            " LINK "text/world94.nepal/main" 0}
           @{" Netherlands                                      " LINK "text/world94.netherlands/main" 0}
           @{" Netherlands Antilles                             " LINK "text/world94.netherlands-antilles/main" 0}
           @{" New Caledonia                                    " LINK "text/world94.new-caledonio/main" 0}
           @{" New Zealand                                      " LINK "text/world94.new-zealand/main" 0}
           @{" Nicaragua                                        " LINK "text/world94.nicaragua/main" 0}
           @{" Niger                                            " LINK "text/world94.niger/main" 0}
           @{" Nigeria                                          " LINK "text/world94.nigeria/main" 0}
           @{" Niue                                             " LINK "text/world94.niue/main" 0}
           @{" Norfolk Island                                   " LINK "text/world94.norfolk-island/main" 0}
           @{" Northern Mariana Islands                         " LINK "text/world94.nrthrn-mariana-isles/main" 0}
           @{" Norway                                           " LINK "text/world94.norway/main" 0}

           @{" O " 0}

           @{" Oman                                             " LINK "text/world94.oman/main" 0}

           @{" P " 0}

           @{" Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the  " LINK "text/world94.pacific-islands-palau/main" 0}
           @{" Pacific Ocean                                    " LINK "text/world94.pacific-ocean/main" 0}
           @{" Pakistan                                         " LINK "text/world94.pakistan/main" 0}
           @{" Palmyra Atoll                                    " LINK "text/world94.palmyra-atoll/main" 0}
           @{" Panama                                           " LINK "text/world94.panama/main" 0}
           @{" Papua New Guinea                                 " LINK "text/world94.papua-new-guinea/main" 0}
           @{" Paracel Islands                                  " LINK "text/world94.paracel-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Paraguay                                         " LINK "text/world94.paraguay/main" 0}
           @{" Peru                                             " LINK "text/world94.peru/main" 0}
           @{" Philippines                                      " LINK "text/world94.philippines/main" 0}
           @{" Pitcairn Islands                                 " LINK "text/world94.pitcairn-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Poland                                           " LINK "text/world94.poland/ main" 0}
           @{" Portugal                                         " LINK "text/world94.portugal/main" 0}
           @{" Puerto Rico                                      " LINK "text/world94.puerto-rico/main" 0}

           @{" Q " 0}

           @{" Qatar                                            " LINK "text/world94.qatar/main" 0}

           @{" R " 0}

           @{" Reunion                                          " LINK "text/world94.reunion/main" 0}
           @{" Romania                                          " LINK "text/world94.romania/main" 0}
           @{" Russia                                           " LINK "text/world94.russia/main" 0}
           @{" Rwanda                                           " LINK "text/world94.rwanda/main" 0}

           @{" S " 0}

           @{" Saint Helena                                     " LINK "text/world94.saint-helena/main" 0}
           @{" Saint Kitts and Nevis                            " LINK "text/world94.saint-kitts-&-nevis/main" 0}
           @{" Saint Lucia                                      " LINK "text/world94.saint-lucia/main" 0}
           @{" Saint Pierre and Miquelon                        " LINK "text/world94.saint-pierre&miquelon/main" 0}
           @{" Saint Vincent and the Grenadines                 " LINK "text/world94.saint-vincent&grenadin/main" 0}
           @{" San Marino                                       " LINK "text/world94.san-marino/main" 0}
           @{" Sao Tome and Principe                            " LINK "text/world94.sao-tome-and-principe/main" 0}
           @{" Saudi Arabia                                     " LINK "text/world94.saudi-arabia/main" 0}
           @{" Senegal                                          " LINK "text/world94.senegal/main" 0}
           @{" Serbia and Montenegro                            " LINK "text/world94.serbia&montenegro/main" 0}
           @{" Seychelles                                       " LINK "text/world94.seychelles/main" 0}
           @{" Sierra Leone                                     " LINK "text/world94.sierra-leone/main" 0}
           @{" Singapore                                        " LINK "text/world94.singapore/main" 0}
           @{" Slovakia                                         " LINK "text/world94.slovakia/main" 0}
           @{" Slovenia                                         " LINK "text/world94.slovenia/main" 0}
           @{" Solomon Islands                                  " LINK "text/world94.soloman-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Somalia                                          " LINK "text/world94.somalia/main" 0}
           @{" South Africa                                     " LINK "text/world94.south-africa/main" 0}
           @{" South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands     " LINK "text/world94.south-georgia/main" 0}
           @{" Spain                                            " LINK "text/world94.spain/main" 0}
           @{" Spratly Islands                                  " LINK "text/world94.spratly-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Sri Lanka                                        " LINK "text/world94.sri-lanka/main" 0}
           @{" Sudan                                            " LINK "text/world94.sudan/main" 0}
           @{" Suriname                                         " LINK "text/world94.suriname/main" 0}
           @{" Svalbard                                         " LINK "text/world94.svalbard/main" 0}
           @{" Swaziland                                        " LINK "text/world94.swaziland/main" 0}
           @{" Sweden                                           " LINK "text/world94.swedan/main" 0}
           @{" Switzerland                                      " LINK "text/world94.switzerland/main" 0}
           @{" Syria                                            " LINK "text/world94.syria/main" 0}

           @{" T " 0}

           @{" Taiwan                                           " LINK "text/world94.taiwan/main" 0}
           @{" Tajikistan                                       " LINK "text/world94.tajikistan/main" 0}
           @{" Tanzania                                         " LINK "text/world94.tanzania/main" 0}
           @{" Thailand                                         " LINK "text/world94.thailand/main" 0}
           @{" The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia        " LINK "text/world94.yugoslavia(former)/main" 0}
           @{" Togo                                             " LINK "text/world94.togo/main" 0}
           @{" Tokelau                                          " LINK "text/world94.tokelau/main" 0}
           @{" Tonga                                            " LINK "text/world94.tonga/main" 0}
           @{" Trinidad and Tobago                              " LINK "text/world94.trinidad&tobago/main" 0}
           @{" Tromelin Island                                  " LINK "text/world94.tromelin/main" 0}
           @{" Tunisia                                          " LINK "text/world94.tunisia/main" 0}
           @{" Turkey                                           " LINK "text/world94.turkey/main" 0}
           @{" Turkmenistan                                     " LINK "text/world94.turkmenistan/main" 0}
           @{" Turks and Caicos Islands                         " LINK "text/world94.turks&caicos-islands/main" 0}
           @{" Tuvalu                                           " LINK "text/world94.tuvalu/main" 0}

           @{" U " 0}

           @{" Uganda                                           " LINK "text/world94.uganda/main" 0}
           @{" Ukraine                                          " LINK "text/world94.ukraine/main" 0}
           @{" United Arab Emirates                             " LINK "text/world94.united-arab-emirates/main" 0}
           @{" United Kingdom                                   " LINK "text/world94.United-Kingdom/main" 0}
           @{" United States                                    " LINK "text/world94.united-states/main" 0}
           @{" Uruguay                                          " LINK "text/world94.uruguay/main" 0}
           @{" Uzbekistan                                       " LINK "text/world94.uzbekistan/main" 0}

           @{" V " 0}

           @{" Vanuatu                                          " LINK "text/world94.vanuatu/main" 0}
           @{" Venezuela                                        " LINK "text/world94.venezuela/main" 0}
           @{" Vietnam                                          " LINK "text/world94.vietnam/main" 0}
           @{" Virgin Islands                                   " LINK "text/world94.virgin-islands/main" 0}

           @{" W " 0}

           @{" Wake Island                                      " LINK "text/world94.wake-island/main" 0}
           @{" Wallis and Futuna                                " LINK "text/world94.wallis&futuna/main" 0}
           @{" West Bank                                        " LINK "text/world94.west-bank/main" 0}
           @{" Western Sahara                                   " LINK "text/world94.western-sahara/main" 0}
           @{" Western Samoa                                    " LINK "text/world94.western-samoa/main" 0}
           @{" World                                            " LINK "text/world94.world/main" 0}

           @{" Y " 0}

           @{" Yemen                                            " LINK "text/world94.yemen/main" 0}

           @{" Z " 0}

           @{" Zaire                                            " LINK "text/world94.zaire/main" 0}
           @{" Zambia                                           " LINK "text/world94.zambia/main" 0}
           @{" Zimbabwe                                         " LINK "text/world94.zimbabwe/main" 0}
@endnode
@node "flags" " Click on button to Display Flag "
                             @{" FLAGS OF THE WORLD " 0}
                   Click on Buttons Below to Display Flag
                 @{" AFGHANISTAN ( Democratic Republic of )     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/AFGHAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ALBANIA ( Socialist People's Republic of ) " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ALBANIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ALGERIA ( Democratic & Popular Republic of)" SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ALGERIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" AMERICAN SAMOA                             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/AM_SAMOA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ANDORRA ( Coprineipality of )              " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ANDORRA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ANGOLA ( People's Republic of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ANGOLA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ANTIGUA                                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ANTIGUA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ARGENTINA ( Argentine Republic )           " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ARGENTIN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ARUBA                                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ARUBA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" AUSTRALIA ( Commonwealth of )              " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/AUSTRALA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" AUSTRIA ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/AUSTRIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BAHAMAS ( Commonwealth of the )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BAHAMAS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BAHRAIN ( State of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BAHRAIN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BANGLADESH ( People's Republic of )        " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BANGLADE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BARBADOS ( State of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BARBADOS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BELGIUM ( Kingdom of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BELGIUM.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BELIZE ( Colony of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BELIZE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BENIN ( People's Republic of )             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BENIN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BERMUDA                                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BERMUDA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BHUTAN ( Kingdom of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BHUTAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BOLIVIA ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BOLIVIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BOTSWANA ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BOTSWANA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BRAZIL ( Federal Republic of )             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BRAZIL.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BRUNEI ( Sultanate of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BRUNEI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BULGARIA ( People's Republic of )          " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BULGARIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BURKINA FASO ( Republic of )               " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BURKINA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" BURUNDI ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/BURUNDI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CAMBODIA ( Kampuchea )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CAMBODIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CAMEROON ( United Republic of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CAMEROON.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CANADA ( Dominion of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CANADA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CAPE VERDE ( Republic of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CAPEVERD.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CAYMAN ISLAND                              " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CAYMAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CENAFRI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CHAD ( Republic of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CHAD.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CHILE ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CHILE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CHINA ( People's Republic of )             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CHINA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" COLUMBIA ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/COLUMBIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" COMOROS ( Federal & Islamic Republic )     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/COMOROS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CONGO ( People's Republic of )             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CONGO.LBM" 0}
                 @{" COSTA RICA ( Republic of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/COSTARIC.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CROATIA ( Hrvatska )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CROATIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CUBA ( Republic of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CUBA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CYPRUS ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CYPRUS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" CZECHOSLOVAKIA                             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/CZECH.LBM" 0}
                 @{" DENMARK ( Kingdom of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/DENMARK.LBM" 0}
                 @{" DJIBOUTI ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/DJIBOUTI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" DOMINICAN REPUBLIC                         " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/DOM_REPU.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ECUADOR ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ECUADOR.LBM" 0}
                 @{" EGYPT ( Arab Republic of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/EGYPT.LBM" 0}
                 @{" EL SALVADOR ( Republic of )                " SYSTEM "c:f                                     astview flags/EL_SALVA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" EQUATORIAL GUINEA ( Republic of )          " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/EQAT_GIN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ESTONIA                                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ESTONIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ETHIOPIA ( Hybretesebawit )                " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ETHIOPIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" FALKLAND ISLANDS                           " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/FALKLAND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" FIJI ( State of )                          " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/FIJI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" FINLAND ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/FINLAND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" FRANCE ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/FRANCE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GABON ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GABON.LBM" 0}
                 @{" THE GAMBIA ( Republic of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GAMBIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GERMANY ( Federal Republic of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GERMANY.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GHANA ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GHANA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GREECE ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GREECE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GREENLAND                                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GREENLND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GRENADA ( State of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GRENADA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GUAM                                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GUAM.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GUATMALA ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GUATMALA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GUINEA ( People's Republic of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GUINEA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GUINEA BISSAU ( Republic of )              " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GUIN_BIS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" GUYANA ( Cooperative Republic of )         " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/GUYANA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" HAITI ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/HAITI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" HONDURAS  ( Republic of )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/HONDURAS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" HONG KONG                                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/HONGKONG.LBM" 0}
                 @{" HUNGARY ( People's Republic of )           " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/HUNGARY.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ICELAND  ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ICELAND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" INDIA  ( People's Republic of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/INDIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" INDONESIA ( Republic of )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/INDNESIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" IRAN ( Islamic Republic of )               " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/IRAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" IRAQ ( Republic of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/IRAQ.LBM" 0}
                 @{" IRELAND ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/IRELAND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ISRAEL ( State of )                        " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ISRAEL.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ITALY ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ITALY.LBM" 0}
                 @{" IVORY COAST ( Republic of )                " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/IVORYCST.LBM" 0}
                 @{" JAMAICA ( State of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/JAMAICA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" JAPAN                                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/JAPAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" JORDAN ( Hashemite Kingdom of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/JORDAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" KENYA ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/KENYA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" KIRIBATI ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/KIRIBATI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" KUWAIT ( State of )                        " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/KUWAIT.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LAOS ( People's Democratic Republic of )   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LAOS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LATVIA                                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LATVIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LEBANON                                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LEBANON.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LESOTHO ( Kingdom of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LESOTHO.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LIBERIA ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LIBERIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LIBYA ( Socialist Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah )" SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LIBYA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LIECHTENSTEIN ( Principality of )          " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LIECHTEN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LITHUANIA                                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LITHUANA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" LUXEMBOURG ( Grand Duchy of )              " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/LUXMBORG.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MADAGASCAR ( Democratic Republic of )      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MADAGASC.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MALAWI ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MALAWI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MALAYSIA ( Federation of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MALAYSIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MALDIVES ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MALDIVES.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MALI ( Republic of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MALI.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MALTA ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MALTA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MAPLE                                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MAPLE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MAURITUS ( State of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MAURITUS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MAURITANIA ( Islamic Republic of )         " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MAURTANA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MEXICO ( United States of )                " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MEXICO.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MONACO ( Principality of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MONACO.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MONGOLIA ( Mongolian People's Republic )   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MONGOLIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MOROCCO ( Kingdom of                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MOROCO.LBM" 0}
                 @{" MOZAMBIQUE ( People's Republic of )        " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/MOZMBIQE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NAMIBIA                                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/NAMIBIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NAURU ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/NAURU.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NEPAL ( Kingdom of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/NEPAL.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NICARAGUA ( Republic of )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/NICARAGA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NIGER ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/NIGER.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NIGERIA ( Federation of )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/NIGERIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NORWAY ( Kingdom of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/NORWAY.LBM" 0}
                 @{" NORTH KOREA                                " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/N_KOREA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" OMAN ( Sultanate of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/OMAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PAKISTAN ( Islamic Republic of )           " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PAKISTAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PANAMA ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PANAMA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PAPUA NEW GUINEA ( State of )              " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PAPNEWGU.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PARAGUAY ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PARAGUAY.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PERU ( Republic of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PERU.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PHILIPPINES ( Republic of )                " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PHILIPIN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" POLAND                                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/POLAND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PORTUGAL ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PORTUGAL.LBM" 0}
                 @{" PUERTO RICO ( Commonwealth of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/PUERTORC.LBM" 0}
                 @{" QATAR ( State of                           " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/QATAR.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ROMANIA                                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ROMANIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" RUSSIAN FEDERATION                         " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/RUSSIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" RWANDA ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/RWANDA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SAN MARINO ( Republic of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SANMARNO.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SAO TOME & PRINCIPE ( Democratic Republic )" SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SAO_TOME.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SAUDI ARABIA ( Kingdom of )                " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SAUDARAB.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SENEGAL ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SENEGAL.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SEYCHELLES ( Republic of )                 " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SEYCHELL.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SIERRA LEONE ( Republic of )               " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SIERR_LE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SINGAPORE ( Republic of )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SINGAPOR.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SOLOMON ISLANDS ( State of )               " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SOLOMON.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SOMALIA ( Somali Democratic Republic )     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SOMALIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SPAIN ( Kingdom of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SPAIN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SRI LANKA ( Democratic Socialist Republic )" SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SRI_LANK.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ST KITTS-NEVIS                             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ST_KITTS.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ST LUCIA                                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ST_LUCIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ST VINCENT & GRENADINES                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ST_VINC.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SUDAN ( Democratic Republic of )           " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SUDAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SURINAM ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SURINAME.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SWAZILAND ( Kingdom of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SWAZILND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SWEDEN ( Kingdom of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SWEDEN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SWITZERLAND ( Confederation of )           " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SWITZLND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SYRIA ( Syrian Arab Republic )             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/SYRIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SOUTH AFRICA                               " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/S_AFRICA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" SOUTH KOREA                                " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/S_KOREA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TAIWAN ( Republic of China )               " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TAIWAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TANZANIA ( United Republic of )            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TANZANA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" THAILAND ( Kingdom of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/THAILND.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TOGO ( Republic of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TOGO.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TONGA ( Kingdom of )                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TONGA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TRINIDAD & TOBAGO ( Republic of )          " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TRINIDAD.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TUNISIA ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TUNISIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TURKEY ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TURKEY.LBM" 0}
                 @{" TUVALU ( State of )                        " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/TUVALU.LBM" 0}
                 @{" UGANDA ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/UGANDA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" UNITED KINGDOM                             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/UK.LBM" 0}
                 @{" UKRAINE ( Little Russia )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/UKRAINE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" URUGUAY ( Oriental Republic of             " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/URUGUAY.LBM" 0}
                 @{" UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/USA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" USSR                                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/USSR.LBM" 0}
                 @{" UNITED ARAB EMIRATES                       " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/U_A_E.LBM" 0}
                 @{" VANUATU ( Republic of )                    " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/VANUATU.LBM" 0}
                 @{" VATICAN CITY ( State of )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/VATICAN.LBM" 0}
                 @{" VENEZUELA ( Republic of )                  " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/VENEZUAL.LBM" 0}
                 @{" VIETNAM ( Socialist Republic of            " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/COM_VIET.LBM" 0}
                 @{" WESTERN SAMOA (Independent State of Samoa )" SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/W_SAMOA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" YEMEN ( PDR of Yemen )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/YEMEN_AD.LBM" 0}
                 @{" YEMEN ( Yemen Arab Rep.)                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/YEMEN_SA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ZAIRE ( Republic of )                      " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ZAIRE.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ZAMBIA ( Republic of )                     " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ZAMBIA.LBM" 0}
                 @{" ZIMBABWE ( Republic of )                   " SYSTEM "c:fastview flags/ZIMBABWE.LBM" 0}
@endnode